Editing Timeline of historic inventions (section)

==Paleolithic==
{{further|Outline of prehistoric technology}}
The dates listed in this section refer to the earliest evidence of an invention found and dated by [[Archaeology|archaeologists]] (or in a few cases, suggested by indirect evidence). Dates are often approximate and change as more research is done, reported and seen. Older examples of any given technology are often found. The locations listed are for the site where the earliest solid evidence has been found, but especially for the earlier inventions, there is little certainty how close that may be to where the invention took place.

===Lower Paleolithic===
The Lower Paleolithic period lasted over 3 million years, during which there many human-like species [[Human evolution|evolved]] including toward the end of this period, ''Homo sapiens''. The original divergence between humans and [[chimpanzees]] occurred 13 ([[Year#SI prefix multipliers|Mya]]), however interbreeding continued until as recently as 4 Ma, with the first species clearly belonging to the human (and not chimpanzee) lineage being ''[[Australopithecus anamensis]]''.  Some species are controversial among paleoanthropologists, who disagree whether they are species on their own or not. Here [[Homo ergaster]] is included under [[Homo erectus]], while [[Homo rhodesiensis]] is included under [[Homo heidelbergensis]].

During this period the [[Quaternary glaciation]] began (about 2.58 million years ago), and continues to today. It has been an [[ice age]], with [[Timeline of glaciation|cycles of 40–100,000 years]] alternating between long, cold, more glaciated periods, and shorter warmer periods – [[interglacial]] episodes.

* '''3.3 Mya – 2.6 Mya:''' [[Stone tool]]s - found in modern-day [[Kenya]] are older and only found on the archetype road. Ancient stone tools from [[Ethiopia]] ([[Oldowan]]) were hand-crafted by [[Australopithecus]] or related people.<ref name="de Heinzelin">{{cite journal | last1 = De Heinzelin | first1 = J | last2 = Clark | first2 = JD | last3 = White | first3 = T | last4 = Hart | first4 = W | last5 = Renne | first5 = P | last6 = Woldegabriel | first6 = G | last7 = Beyene | first7 = Y | last8 = Vrba | first8 = E | title = Environment and behavior of 2.5-million-year-old Bouri hominids | journal = Science | volume = 284 | issue = 5414 | pages = 625–9 | year = 1999 | pmid = 10213682 | doi=10.1126/science.284.5414.625| bibcode = 1999Sci...284..625D}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last1=Toth | first1=Nicholas | last2=Schick | first2=Kathy |year=2009 | contribution=African Origins | title=The Human Past: World Prehistory and the Development of Human Societies | edition=2nd | editor-first=Chris | editor-last=Scarre | location=London |publisher=Thames and Hudson | pages=67–68}}</ref>{{explain|date=October 2023}}
* '''2.3 Mya:''' Earliest likely [[Control of fire by early humans|control of fire]] and [[cooking]], by ''[[Homo habilis]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2009/06/invention-of-cooking-drove-evolution-of-the-human-species-new-book-argues/|title=Invention of cooking drove evolution of the human species, new book argues|date=1 June 2009|website=harvard.edu|access-date=26 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="Miller">{{Cite web|url=http://discovermagazine.com/2013/may/09-archaeologists-find-earliest-evidence-of-humans-cooking-with-fire|title=Until the Wonderwerk Cave find, Gesher Benot Ya'aqov, a lakeside site in , was considered to have the oldest generally accepted evidence of human-controlled fire.}}</ref><ref name="James">{{cite journal|last=James|first=Steven R.|date=February 1989|title=Hominid Use of Fire in the Lower and Middle Pleistocene: A Review of the Evidence|journal=Current Anthropology|url=http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/archaeology/Publications/Hearths/Hominid%20Use%20of%20Fire%20in%20the%20Lower%20and%20Middle%20Pleistocene.pdf|volume=30|issue=1|pages=1–26|publisher=University of Chicago Press|doi=10.1086/203705|s2cid=146473957|access-date=4 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151212084645/http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/archaeology/Publications/Hearths/Hominid%20Use%20of%20Fire%20in%20the%20Lower%20and%20Middle%20Pleistocene.pdf|archive-date=12 December 2015}}</ref>
* '''1.76 Mya:''' Advanced ([[Acheulean]]) stone tools in [[Kenya]] by ''[[Homo erectus]]''<ref>[http://www.earth.columbia.edu/articles/view/2839 "Anthropologists have yet to find an Acheulian hand axe gripped in a ''Homo erectus'' fist but most credit ''Homo erectus'' with developing the technology."]</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=An earlier origin for the Acheulian|first1=Christopher J.|last1=Lepre|first2=Hélène|last2=Roche|first3=Dennis V.|last3=Kent|first4=Sonia|last4=Harmand|first5=Rhonda L.|last5=Quinn|first6=Jean-Philippe|last6=Brugal|first7=Pierre-Jean|last7=Texier|first8=Arnaud|last8=Lenoble|first9=Craig S.|last9=Feibel|journal=Nature|volume=477|issue=7362|pages=82–85|doi=10.1038/nature10372|pmid=21886161|bibcode=2011Natur.477...82L|year=2011|s2cid=4419567}}</ref>
* '''1.75 Mya – 150 kya:''' Varying estimates for the [[origin of language]]<ref name="Uomini e72693">{{Cite journal |last1=Uomini |first1=Natalie Thaïs |last2=Meyer |first2=Georg Friedrich |date=2013-08-30 |editor-last=Petraglia |editor-first=Michael D. |title=Shared Brain Lateralization Patterns in Language and Acheulean Stone Tool Production: A Functional Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound Study |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=8 |issue=8 |pages=e72693 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0072693 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3758346 |pmid=24023634|bibcode=2013PLoSO...872693U |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Perreault 2012">{{Cite journal |last1 = Perreault | first1 = C. | last2 = Mathew | first2 = S. | title = Dating the origin of language using phonemic diversity | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 7 | issue = 4 | pages = e35289 | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0035289 | pmid = 22558135 | pmc = 3338724| bibcode = 2012PLoSO...735289P| doi-access = free }}</ref>
* '''1.5 Mya:''' [[Bone tool]]s in Africa by ''[[Homo erectus]]'' and/or ''[[Paranthropus boisei]]''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/human-ancestors-oldest-bone-tools | title=Human ancestors made the oldest known bone tools 1.5 million years ago | date=5 March 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1038/s41586-025-08652-5 | title=Systematic bone tool production at 1.5 million years ago | date=2025 | last1=de la Torre | first1=Ignacio | last2=Doyon | first2=Luc | last3=Benito-Calvo | first3=Alfonso | last4=Mora | first4=Rafael | last5=Mwakyoma | first5=Ipyana | last6=Njau | first6=Jackson K. | last7=Peters | first7=Renata F. | last8=Theodoropoulou | first8=Angeliki | last9=d'Errico | first9=Francesco | journal=Nature | volume=640 | issue=8057 | pages=130–134 | pmid=40044851 | pmc=11964934 | bibcode=2025Natur.640..130D }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://humanorigins.si.edu/early-humans-make-bone-tools|title= Early humans make bone tools|author= <!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|website= Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program|date= 17 February 2010|access-date= 3 March 2020|archive-date= 26 November 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201126123811/https://humanorigins.si.edu/early-humans-make-bone-tools|url-status= dead}}</ref>
* '''900 kya – 40 kya:''' [[Boat]]s<ref name="Plakias2010" >{{cite web
 | title = Plakias Survey Finds Mesolithic and Palaeolithic Artifacts on Crete
 | publisher = www.ascsa.edu.gr
 | url = http://www.ascsa.edu.gr/index.php/news/newsDetails/plakias-survey-finds-stone-age-tools-on-crete/
 | access-date = 28 October 2011
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rose |first=Mark |date=1998 |title=First Mariners - Archaeology Magazine Archive |url=https://archive.archaeology.org/9805/newsbriefs/mariners.html |access-date=2013-11-16 |website=archive.archaeology.org}}</ref>
* '''500 kya:''' [[Hafting]] in South Africa by ''[[Homo heidelbergensis]]''<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wilkins|first=J.|author2=Schoville, B. J. |author3=Brown, K. S. |author4= Chazan, M. |title=Evidence for Early Hafted Hunting Technology|journal=Science|date=15 November 2012|volume=338|series=6109|issue=6109|pages=942–946|doi=10.1126/science.1227608|pmid=23161998 |bibcode=2012Sci...338..942W|s2cid=206544031}}</ref>
* '''500 kya – 450 kya:''' [[Woodworking]] construction in [[Zambia]] by ''[[Homo heidelbergensis]]''<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Barham | first1 = L. | last2 = Duller | first2 = G.A.T. | last3 = Candy | first3 = I. | display-authors=etal | year = 2023 | title = Evidence for the earliest structural use of wood at least 476,000 years ago | journal = Nature | volume = 622 | issue = 7981 | pages = 107–111 | doi = 10.1038/s41586-023-06557-9| doi-access = free | pmid = 37730994 | pmc = 10550827 | bibcode = 2023Natur.622..107B | hdl = 10400.1/20204 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> (The [[List of oldest extant buildings|oldest known surviving buildings]] are made from stone and date back no more than 9,500 years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clare |first=Lee |year=2020 |title=Göbekli Tepe, Turkey. A brief summary of research at a new World Heritage Site (2015–2019) |journal=E-Forschungsberichte |publisher=[[Deutsches Archäologisches Institut]] |volume=2020 |issue=2 |pages=81–88 |doi=10.34780/efb.v0i2.1012}}</ref>)
* '''420 – 200 kya:''' [[Food storage]] in the form of uncracked bones saved for their marrow in [[Qesem cave]], Israel.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1126/sciadv.aav9822 | title=Bone marrow storage and delayed consumption at Middle Pleistocene Qesem Cave, Israel (420 to 200 ka) | date=2019 | last1=Blasco | first1=R. | last2=Rosell | first2=J. | last3=Arilla | first3=M. | last4=Margalida | first4=A. | last5=Villalba | first5=D. | last6=Gopher | first6=A. | last7=Barkai | first7=R. | journal=Science Advances | volume=5 | issue=10 | pages=eaav9822 | pmid=31633015 | pmc=6785254 | bibcode=2019SciA....5.9822B }}</ref>
* '''400 kya:''' [[Pigment]]s in Zambia by ''[[Homo heidelbergensis]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/733747.stm|title=BBC News – SCI/TECH – Earliest evidence of art found|website=BBC News|access-date=26 March 2018}}</ref>
* '''337 kya – 300 kya:''' [[Schöningen spears|Schöningen]] [[Spear]]s in [[Germany]]<ref>Kouwenhoven, Arlette P., [http://www.archaeology.org/9705/newsbriefs/spears.html World's Oldest Spears]</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Richter | first1 = D. | last2 = Krbetschek | first2 = M. | year = 2015 | title = The age of the Lower Paleolithic occupation at Schöningen | journal = Journal of Human Evolution | volume = 89 | pages = 46–56 | doi = 10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.06.003 | pmid = 26212768 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2015JHumE..89...46R }}</ref><ref>Richter, D. and M. Krbetschek. 2015: The age of the Lower Paleolithic occupation at Schöningen. Journal of Human Evolution 89, 46-56.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/mensch/homo-heidelbergensis-neue-wurfwaffe-aus-der-steinzeit-entdeckt-a-8c0454ed-2c82-448c-b0fa-c38e60eea69c |title=  Vogelkiller aus der Steinzeit  | publisher= SPIEGEL Akademie  | date= April 20, 2020 | author=Guido Kleinhubbert}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hutson |first1=Jarod M. |last2=Villaluenga |first2=Aritza |last3=García-Moreno |first3=Alejandro |last4=Turner |first4=Elaine |last5=Gaudzinski-Windheuser |first5=Sabine |date=November 2024 |title=Persistent predators: Zooarchaeological evidence for specialized horse hunting at Schöningen 13II-4 |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |language=en |volume=196 |pages=103590 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103590|doi-access=free |pmid=39357283 |bibcode=2024JHumE.19603590H }}</ref> likely by ''[[Homo heidelbergensis]]'' or early Neandarthals.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Roebroeks|first1=Wil|last2=Soressi|first2=Marie|date=2016-06-07|title=Neandertals revised|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=113|issue=23|pages=6372–6379|doi=10.1073/pnas.1521269113|pmc=4988603|pmid=27274044|bibcode=2016PNAS..113.6372R |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Conard|first1=Nicholas J.|last2=Serangeli|first2=Jordi|last3=Böhner|first3=Utz|last4=Starkovich|first4=Britt M.|last5=Miller|first5=Christopher E.|last6=Urban|first6=Brigitte|last7=Van Kolfschoten|first7=Thijs|date=December 2015|title=Excavations at Schöningen and paradigm shifts in human evolution|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0047248415002432|journal=Journal of Human Evolution|language=en|volume=89|pages=1–17|doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.10.003|pmid=26653207|bibcode=2015JHumE..89....1C |url-access=subscription}}</ref>
* '''320 kya:''' The [[trade]] and long-distance (up to 50 miles) [[transportation]] of resources (e.g. obsidian), use of pigments, and possible making of projectile points in Kenya<ref name="NPR-593591796">{{cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Rhitu |author-link=Rhitu Chatterjee |title=Scientists Are Amazed By Stone Age Tools They Dug Up In Kenya |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/15/593591796/scientists-are-amazed-by-stone-age-tools-they-dug-up-in-kenya |date=15 March 2018 |work=[[NPR]] |access-date=15 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="The Atlantic-555674">{{cite news |last=Yong |first=Ed |author-link=Ed Yong |title=A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity - New finds from Kenya suggest that humans used long-distance trade networks, sophisticated tools, and symbolic pigments right from the dawn of our species. |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/ |date=15 March 2018 |work=[[The Atlantic]] |access-date=15 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="Brooks">{{Cite journal|title=Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age|journal=Science|volume=360|issue=6384|pages=90–94|year=2018|doi = 10.1126/science.aao2646|pmid=29545508|vauthors=Brooks AS, Yellen JE, Potts R, Behrensmeyer AK, Deino AL, Leslie DE, Ambrose SH, Ferguson JR, d'Errico F, Zipkin AM, Whittaker S, Post J, Veatch EG, Foecke K, Clark JB|bibcode=2018Sci...360...90B|doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Middle Paleolithic===
The evolution of [[early modern humans]] around 300 kya coincides with the start of the Middle Paleolithic period. During this 250,000-year period, our related [[archaic humans]] such as [[Neanderthals]] and [[Denisovans]] began to spread out of Africa, joined later by ''Homo sapiens''. Over the course of the period we see evidence of increasingly long-distance trade, religious rites, and other behavior associated with [[Behavioral modernity]].
* '''279 kya:''' [[Hafting]] and early stone-tipped projectile weapons in Ethiopia<ref name="SahlePLOS1">{{Cite journal |last1=Sahle |first1=Y. |last2=Hutchings |first2=W. K. |last3=Braun |first3=D. R. |last4=Sealy |first4=J. C. |last5=Morgan |first5=L. E. |last6=Negash |first6=A. |last7=Atnafu |first7=B. |editor1-last=Petraglia |editor1-first=Michael D |title=Earliest Stone-Tipped Projectiles from the Ethiopian Rift Date to >279,000 Years Ago |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0078092 |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=11 |pages=e78092 |year=2013 |pmid=24236011 |pmc=3827237 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...878092S|doi-access=free }}</ref>
* '''200 kya:''' Simple glue ([[adhesive]]) made of one kind of material, birch tar, in Central Italy by Neanderthals.<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Schmidt, P. |author2=Blessing, M. |author3=Rageot, M. |author4=Iovita, R. |author5=Pfleging, J. |author6=Nickel, K. G. |author7=Righetti, L. |author8=Tennie, C.|title=Birch tar extraction does not prove Neanderthal behavioral complexity|journal=PNAS|doi=10.1073/pnas.1911137116|pmid=31427508|volume=116|pmc=6731756|year=2019|issue=36|pages=17707–17711|bibcode=2019PNAS..11617707S |doi-access=free}}</ref>
* '''200 kya:''' [[Bed]]s in South Africa.<ref>{{cite news |title=200,000 years ago, humans preferred to sleep in beds |language=en |work=phys.org |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-08-years-humans-beds.html |access-date=6 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=13 August 2020 |title=The oldest known grass beds from 200,000 years ago included insect repellents |work=Science News |url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/oldest-grass-beds-insect-repellent |access-date=6 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wadley |first1=Lyn |last2=Esteban |first2=Irene |last3=Peña |first3=Paloma de la |last4=Wojcieszak |first4=Marine |last5=Stratford |first5=Dominic |last6=Lennox |first6=Sandra |last7=d'Errico |first7=Francesco |last8=Rosso |first8=Daniela Eugenia |last9=Orange |first9=François |last10=Backwell |first10=Lucinda |last11=Sievers |first11=Christine |date=14 August 2020 |title=Fire and grass-bedding construction 200 thousand years ago at Border Cave, South Africa |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abc7239 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=369 |issue=6505 |pages=863–866 |bibcode=2020Sci...369..863W |doi=10.1126/science.abc7239 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=32792402 |s2cid=221113832 |access-date=6 September 2020}}</ref>
* '''170 kya – 90 kya:''' [[History of clothing and textiles|Clothing]], among anatomically modern humans in Africa. Genetic evidence from body lice suggests a range of dates centering over 100 thousand years ago.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/molbev/msq234 | pmid=20823373 | title=Origin of Clothing Lice Indicates Early Clothing Use by Anatomically Modern Humans in Africa |year=2011 |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume=28 | pages=29–32 |pmc=3002236 | last1=Toups | first1=M. A. | last2=Kitchen | first2=A. | last3=Light | first3=J. E. | last4=Reed | first4=D. L.}}</ref> The first [[Bone tool|bone scrapers]] appropriate for scraping hides to make supple leather were found in Morocco dating to 90–120,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hallett, Emily Y. |display-authors=et al. |date=16 September 2021 |title=A worked bone assemblage from 120,000–90,000 year old deposits at Contrebandiers Cave, Atlantic Coast, Morocco |journal=[[iScience]] |volume=24 |issue=9 |page=102988 |bibcode=2021iSci...24j2988H |doi=10.1016/j.isci.2021.102988 |pmc=8478944 |pmid=34622180 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="TG-20210916">{{cite news |last=Davis |first=Nicola |date=16 September 2021 |title=Scientists find evidence of humans making clothes 120,000 years ago - Tools and bones in Moroccan cave could be some of earliest evidence of the hallmark human behaviour |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/sep/16/scientists-find-evidence-of-humans-making-clothes-120000-years-ago |url-status=live |accessdate=16 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228095707/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/sep/16/scientists-find-evidence-of-humans-making-clothes-120000-years-ago |archive-date=28 December 2021}}</ref>
* '''164 kya – 47 kya:''' Heat treating of stone blades in South Africa.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1126/science.1175028 |pmid=19679810|title=Fire As an Engineering Tool of Early Modern Humans|journal=Science|volume=325|issue=5942|pages=859–862|year=2009|last1=Brown|first1=K. S.|last2=Marean|first2=C. W.|last3=Herries|first3=A. I. R.|last4=Jacobs|first4=Z.|last5=Tribolo|first5=C.|last6=Braun|first6=D.|last7=Roberts|first7=D. L.|last8=Meyer|first8=M. C.|last9=Bernatchez|first9=J.|bibcode=2009Sci...325..859B|hdl=11422/11102|s2cid=43916405|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
* '''135 kya – 100 kya:''' [[Bead]]s in Israel and [[Algeria]]<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.1128139 |pmid=16794076 |title=Middle Paleolithic Shell Beads in Israel and Algeria |year=2006 |journal=Science |volume=312 |issue=5781 |pages=1785–1788 |bibcode=2006Sci...312.1785V |last1=Vanhaereny |first1=M. |last2=d'Errico |first2=Francesco |last3=Stringer |first3=Chris |last4=James |first4=Sarah L. |last5=Todd |first5=Jonathan A. |last6=Mienis |first6=Henk K.|s2cid=31098527 }}</ref> — implying string or thread
* '''100 kya:''' Compound [[paint]]s made in South Africa<ref name="bbc.com-15257259">{{cite news |last=Amos |first=Jonathan |author-link=Jonathan Amos |title=A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity - Ancient 'paint factory' unearthed |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-15257259 |date=13 October 2011 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=13 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="Washington Post-2011/10/12/gIQApyHrhL">{{cite news |last=Vastag |first=Brian |author-link=Brian Vastag |title=South African cave yields paint from dawn of humanity |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/african-cave-yields-paint-from-dawn-of-humanity/2011/10/12/gIQApyHrhL_story.html |date=13 October 2011 |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |access-date=13 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="Henshilwood et al. 2011">{{cite journal | last1 = Henshilwood | first1 = Christopher S. | display-authors = etal | year = 2011 | title = A 100,000-Year-Old Ochre-Processing Workshop at Blombos Cave, South Africa | journal = Science | volume = 334 | issue = 6053| pages = 219–222 | doi = 10.1126/science.1211535 | pmid = 21998386 | bibcode = 2011Sci...334..219H| s2cid = 40455940 }}</ref>
* '''100 kya:''' Funerals (in the form of [[burial]]) in Israel<ref name="lieberman2">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3tS2MULo5rYC&pg=PA163 |title=Uniquely Human page 163 |access-date=25 March 2011|isbn=9780674921832 |last1=Lieberman |first1=Philip |year=1993|publisher=Harvard University Press }}</ref>
* '''90 kya:''' [[Harpoon]]s in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=A middle stone age worked bone industry from Katanda, Upper Semliki Valley, Zaire |date=28 April 1995 |last=Yellen |first=JE |author2=AS Brooks |author3=E Cornelissen |author4=MJ Mehlman |author5=K Stewart |journal=Science |volume=268 |pages=553–556 |issue=5210 |doi=10.1126/science.7725100 |pmid=7725100|bibcode=1995Sci...268..553Y}}</ref>
* '''70 kya – 60 kya''' in [[Sibudu Cave]] in South Africa by ''Homo sapiens'':
** [[Adhesive|Compound adhesives]]<ref name="Wadley">{{cite journal |pmid=19433786 |date=Jun 2009|author1=Wadley, L |author2=Hodgskiss, T |author3=Grant, M |title=Implications for complex cognition from the hafting of tools with compound adhesives in the Middle Stone Age, South Africa |volume=106 |issue=24 |pages=9590–4 |issn=0027-8424 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0900957106 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |pmc=2700998|bibcode = 2009PNAS..106.9590W|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Wadley|first=Lyn|title=Compound-Adhesive Manufacture as a Behavioral Proxy for Complex Cognition in the Middle Stone Age|journal=Current Anthropology|date=1 June 2010|volume=51|issue=s1|pages=S111–S119|doi=10.1086/649836|s2cid=56253913}}</ref>
** [[Arrow]]s and other evidence of bow-and-arrow technology<ref name="Lombard">{{Cite journal|title=Indications of bow and stone-tipped arrow use 64,000 years ago in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa |journal=Antiquity |volume=84 |issue=325 |pages=635–648 |year=2010 |doi=10.1017/S0003598X00100134 |vauthors=Lombard M, Phillips L|s2cid=162438490 }}</ref><ref name="Lombard M">{{Cite journal|title=Quartz-tipped arrows older than 60 kya: further use-trace evidence from Sibudu, Kwa-Zulu-Natal, South Africa |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |year=2011 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2011.04.001 |vauthors=Lombard M |volume=38 |issue=8 |pages=1918–1930|bibcode=2011JArSc..38.1918L }}</ref><ref name="Backwell2018">{{cite journal | last1 = Backwell | first1 = L | last2 = Bradfield | first2 = J | last3 = Carlson | first3 = KJ | last4 = Jashashvili | first4 = T | last5 = Wadley | first5 = L | last6 = d'Errico | first6 = F | year = 2018 | title = The antiquity of bow-and-arrow technology: evidence from Middle Stone Age layers at Sibudu Cave | journal = Journal of Archaeological Science | volume = 92 | issue = 362| pages = 289–303 | doi = 10.15184/aqy.2018.11 |doi-access=free| hdl = 11336/81248 | hdl-access = free }}</ref>
** [[Sewing needle]]<ref name="Backwell">{{cite journal | last1 = Backwell | first1 = L | last2 = d'Errico | first2 = F | last3 = Wadley | first3 = L | year = 2008 | title = Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa | journal = Journal of Archaeological Science | volume = 35 | issue = 6| pages = 1566–1580 | doi = 10.1016/j.jas.2007.11.006| bibcode = 2008JArSc..35.1566B }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wadley |first1=Lyn |year=2008 |title=The Howieson's Poort industry of Sibudu Cave |journal=South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series |volume=10}}</ref> (implying thread of some kind)
* '''61 kya – 62 kya:''' [[Cave painting]] in [[Spain]] by [[Neanderthal]]<ref name=Hoffmann2018>
{{cite journal |author1=D. L. Hoffmann |author2=C. D. Standish |author3=M. García-Diez |author4=P. B. Pettitt |author5=J. A. Milton |author6=J. Zilhão |author7=J. J. Alcolea-González |author8=P. Cantalejo-Duarte |author9=H. Collado |author10=R. de Balbín |author11=M. Lorblanchet |author12=J. Ramos-Muñoz |author13=G.-Ch. Weniger |author14=A. W. G. Pike |year=2018 |title=U-Th dating of carbonate crusts reveals Neandertal origin of Iberian cave art |journal=Science |volume=359 |issue=6378 |pages=912–915 |doi=10.1126/science.aap7778|doi-access=free |pmid=29472483 |bibcode=2018Sci...359..912H |hdl=10498/21578 |hdl-access=free }} 
"we present dating results for three sites in Spain that show that cave art emerged in Iberia substantially earlier than previously thought. Uranium-thorium (U-Th) dates on carbonate crusts overlying paintings provide minimum
ages for a red linear motif in La Pasiega (Cantabria), a hand stencil in [[Cave of Maltravieso|Maltravieso (Extremadura)]], and red-painted speleothems in Ardales (Andalucía). Collectively, these results show that cave art in Iberia is older than 64.8 thousand years (ka). This cave art is the earliest dated so far and predates, by at least 20 ka, the arrival of modern humans in Europe, which implies Neandertal authorship."</ref>
* '''55.8–51.2 kya:''' [[Representation (arts)|Representational]] and [[Narrative art]] in [[Indonesia]] by ''Homo sapiens''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Oktaviana |first1=Adhi Agus |last2=Joannes-Boyau |first2=Renaud |last3=Hakim |first3=Budianto |last4=Burhan |first4=Basran |last5=Sardi |first5=Ratno |last6=Adhityatama |first6=Shinatria |last7=Hamrullah |last8=Sumantri |first8=Iwan |last9=Tang |first9=M. |last10=Lebe |first10=Rustan |last11=Ilyas |first11=Imran |last12=Abbas |first12=Abdullah |last13=Jusdi |first13=Andi |last14=Mahardian |first14=Dewangga Eka |last15=Noerwidi |first15=Sofwan |date=2024-07-03 |title=Narrative cave art in Indonesia by 51,200 years ago |journal=Nature |volume=631 |issue=8022 |language=en |pages=814–818 |doi=10.1038/s41586-024-07541-7 |pmid=38961284 |issn=1476-4687|doi-access=free |pmc=11269172 |bibcode=2024Natur.631..814O }}</ref>

===Upper Paleolithic to Early Mesolithic===
50 kya was long regarded as the beginning of [[behavioral modernity]], which defined the Upper Paleolithic period. The Upper Paleolithic lasted nearly 40,000 years, while research continues to push the beginnings of behavioral modernity earlier into the Middle Paleolithic. Behavioral modernity is characterized by the widespread observation of religious rites, artistic expression and the appearance of tools made for purely intellectual or artistic pursuits.
* '''49 kya – 30 kya:''' [[Ground stone]] tools – fragments of an axe in Australia date to 49–45 ka, more appear in Japan closer to 30 ka, and elsewhere closer to the Neolithic.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2016-05-11/worlds-oldest-known-ground-edge-stone-axe-fragments-found/7401728|title=World's oldest known ground-edge stone axe fragments found in WA|date=11 May 2016|newspaper=ABC News|access-date=3 April 2018}}</ref><ref>"Prehistoric Japan, New perspectives on insular East Asia", Keiji Imamura, University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, {{ISBN|0-8248-1853-9}}</ref>
* '''47 kya:''' The oldest-known mines in the world are from Eswatini, and extracted hematite for the production of the red pigment [[ochre]].<ref>Swaziland Natural Trust Commission, "Cultural Resources – Malolotja Archaeology, Lion Cavern", Retrieved 27 August 2007, {{cite web|url=http://www.sntc.org.sz/cultural/malarch.asp |title=Swaziland National Trust Commission – Cultural Resources – Malolotja Archaeology, Lion Cavern |access-date=5 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221001/http://www.sntc.org.sz/cultural/malarch.asp |archive-date=3 March 2016}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite web | publisher=Peace Parks Foundation | title=Major Features: Cultural Importance | url=http://www.peaceparks.org/story.php?mid=168&pid=148 | access-date=2024-08-15 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207102130/http://www.peaceparks.org/story.php?mid=168&pid=148 | archive-date=2008-12-07}}</ref>
* '''45 kya – 9 kya:''' Earliest evidence of [[shoe]]s, suggested by changes in foot bone morphology in China by [[Tianyuan man]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2007.12.002 |title=Anatomical evidence for the antiquity of human footwear: Tianyuan and Sunghir |year=2008 |last1=Trinkaus |first1=Erik |last2=Shang |first2=Hong |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=35 |issue=7 |pages=1928–1933 |bibcode=2008JArSc..35.1928T }}</ref> The earliest physical shoes found so far are bark [[sandal]]s dated to 10 to 9 kya in [[Fort Rock Cave]], [[United States]].<ref name="Connolly_Tom">{{cite web|last=Connolly|first=Tom|title=The World's Oldest Shoes|url=http://pages.uoregon.edu/connolly/FRsandals.htm|publisher=[[University of Oregon]]|access-date=22 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722013744/http://pages.uoregon.edu/connolly/FRsandals.htm|archive-date=22 July 2012}}</ref> The oldest known leather shoe dated to 5.5 kya was found in excellent condition in the [[Areni-1 cave]] located in the [[Vayots Dzor]] province of [[Armenia]].<ref name="National Geographic">{{cite news |url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2010/06/09/worlds-oldest-leather-shoe-found-in-armenia-2/ |title=World's Oldest Leather Shoe Found—Stunningly Preserved |last=Dindar |first=Shereen |work=National Post |location=Canada  |date=June 9, 2010 |access-date=June 11, 2010}}</ref>
* '''44 kya – 42 kya:''' [[Tally stick]]s (see [[Lebombo bone]]) in [[Eswatini]]<ref>It is called a notched bone, illustrated in Fig. 1, ''12'' {{cite journal| title=Early evidence of San material culture represented by organic artifacts from Border Cave, South Africa | doi=10.1073/pnas.1204213109 | pmid=22847420 | volume=109| issue=33 | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences| pages=13214–13219| bibcode=2012PNAS..10913214D| pmc=3421171| year=2012 | last1=d'Errico | first1=F. | last2=Backwell | first2=L. | last3=Villa | first3=P. | last4=Degano | first4=I. | last5=Lucejko | first5=J. J. | last6=Bamford | first6=M. K. | last7=Higham | first7=T. F. G. | last8=Colombini | first8=M. P. | last9=Beaumont | first9=P. B.| doi-access=free }}</ref>
* '''42 kya:''' [[Flute]] in Germany<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-05-24 |title=Earliest music instruments found |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-18196349 |access-date=2023-11-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Higham |first1=Thomas |last2=Basell |first2=Laura |last3=Jacobi |first3=Roger |last4=Wood |first4=Rachel |last5=Ramsey |first5=Christopher Bronk |last6=Conard |first6=Nicholas J. |date=2012-06-01 |title=Τesting models for the beginnings of the Aurignacian and the advent of figurative art and music: The radiocarbon chronology of Geißenklösterle |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248412000425 |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=62 |issue=6 |pages=664–676 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.03.003 |pmid=22575323 |bibcode=2012JHumE..62..664H |issn=0047-2484|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* '''37 kya:''' [[Mortar and pestle]] in [[Southwest Asia]]<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/paleo_0153-9345_1991_num_17_1_4537|title=The Origins and development of ground stone assemblages in Late Pleistocene Southwest Asia|first=K.|last=Wright|date=15 March 1991|journal=Paléorient|volume=17|issue=1|pages=19–45|via=www.persee.fr|doi=10.3406/paleo.1991.4537}}</ref>
* '''32-28 kya:''' [[Rope]] and [[String (structure)|Cords]] for "hafting stone tools, weaving [[baskets]], or sewing garments," according to Elis Kvavadze et al.<ref>{{cite journal|title=30,000-Year-Old Wild Flax Fibers|first1=Eliso|last1=Kvavadze|first2=Ofer|last2=Bar-Yosef|first3=Anna|last3=Belfer-Cohen|first4=Elisabetta|last4=Boaretto|first5=Nino|last5=Jakeli|first6=Zinovi|last6=Matskevich|first7=Tengiz|last7=Meshveliani|date=11 September 2009|journal=Science|volume=325|issue=5946|pages=1359|doi=10.1126/science.1175404|pmid=19745144|bibcode=2009Sci...325.1359K|s2cid=206520793|url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:4270521|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Small|first=Meredith F.|title=String theory: the tradition of spinning raw fibers dates back 28,000 years (At The Museum)|journal=Natural History|volume=111|issue=3|date=April 2002|page=14(2)}}</ref>
* '''31 kya:''' [[Amputation]] and [[surgery]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.science.org/content/article/world-s-oldest-amputation-foot-removed-31-000-years-ago-without-modern-antibiotics-or | title=World's oldest amputation: Foot removed 31,000 years ago—without modern antibiotics or painkillers | first=Michael | last=Price | website=www.science.org | access-date=2024-08-15}}</ref> [[Medicine]] in a meaningful sense likely predates the human-chimpanzee split, as, for example, herbal medicine has been observed in other primates.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-68942123 | title=Wounded orangutan seen using plant as medicine | date=2 May 2024 }}</ref>
* '''28 kya:''' [[Ceramics]] (direct evidence) and [[weaving]] (impressions left in the ceramics) in [[Moravia]]<ref>"The occupants used flint knives, made bone tools and modelled in baked clay – on which they left their fingerprints, along with imprints of reindeer hair and textiles." {{cite web|url=http://www.donsmaps.com/dolnivi.html |title=Dolni Vestonice and Pavlov sites |publisher=Donsmaps.com |access-date=26 April 2016}}</ref><ref>"Several imprints of human fingers, animal hair and textile structures were incidentally produced as well" {{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/875886|title=Pavlov VI: an Upper Palaeolithic living unit|last1=Svoboda|first1=Jiří|last2=Králík|first2=Miroslav|last3=Čulíková|first3=Věra|last4=Hladilová|first4=Šárka|last5=Novák|first5=Martin|first6=Miriam|last6=NývltováFišáková|last7=Nývlt|first7=Daniel|last8=Zelinková|first8=Michaela|journal=Antiquity|volume=83|issue=320|pages=282–295|access-date=26 March 2018|doi=10.1017/S0003598X00098434|year=2009|s2cid=56326310|url-access=registration}}</ref> (Czech Republic) and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. (The oldest piece of woven cloth found so far was in Çatalhöyük, Turkey and dated to about 9,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/centuries-old-fabric-found-in-catalhoyuk-61883|title=Centuries-old fabric found in Çatalhöyük|website=Hürriyet Daily News|date=4 February 2014 |access-date=26 March 2018}}</ref>)
* '''24 kya:''' [[Venus of Dolní Věstonice|Oldest known ceramic sculpture]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vandiver |first1=Pamela B. |last2=Soffer |first2=Olga |last3=Klima |first3=Bohuslav |last4=Svoboda |first4=JiŘi |date=1989-11-24 |title=The Origins of Ceramic Technology at Dolni Věstonice, Czechoslovakia |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.246.4933.1002 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=246 |issue=4933 |pages=1002–1008 |doi=10.1126/science.246.4933.1002 |pmid=17806391 |bibcode=1989Sci...246.1002V |issn=0036-8075|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* '''23 kya:''' [[Domestication of the dog]] in [[Siberia]].<ref name=Perri2021>{{cite journal|doi=10.1073/pnas.2010083118|title=Dog domestication and the dual dispersal of people and dogs into the Americas|year=2021|last1=Perri|first1=Angela R.|last2=Feuerborn|first2=Tatiana R.|last3=Frantz|first3=Laurent A. F.|last4=Larson|first4=Greger|last5=Malhi|first5=Ripan S.|last6=Meltzer|first6=David J.|last7=Witt|first7=Kelsey E.|journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]]|volume=118|issue=6|pages=e2010083118|pmid=33495362|pmc=8017920|bibcode=2021PNAS..11810083P |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e31cc7b2-7912-47ac-89f5-ebc883f31160|quote=Advances in the isolation and sequencing of ancient DNA [... suggest] that dogs were domesticated in Siberia by ~23,000 y ago, possibly while both people and wolves were isolated during the harsh climate of the Last Glacial Maximum.|doi-access=free }}</ref>
* '''22 – 17 kya''' [[Bullroarer]]<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.02.021 | doi=10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.02.021 | title=A functional investigation of southern Cape Later Stone Age artefacts resembling aerophones | date=2019 | last1=Kumbani | first1=Joshua | last2=Bradfield | first2=Justin | last3=Rusch | first3=Neil | last4=Wurz | first4=Sarah | journal=Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports | volume=24 | pages=693–711 | bibcode=2019JArSR..24..693K | url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>"In total, Dauvois describes or illustrates seven likely bullroarers associated with Solutrean and Magdalenian contexts" {{citation|last=Morely|first=Iain|title="The Evolutionary Origins and Archaeology of Music"|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247936496}}</ref><ref>Dauvois, M. (1989) Son et Musique Paléolithiques, Les Dossiers D'Archéologie Vol. 142, p. 2-11.</ref>
* '''22 kya:''' [[Fish hook]] in [[Okinawa Island]], modern day Japan.<ref name="Price2016">{{cite news|author=Michael Price|title=World's oldest fish hook found on Okinawa|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/world-s-oldest-fishhook-found-okinawa|date=16 September 2016|publisher=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|access-date=6 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-37402183|title=World's oldest fish hooks found in Japanese island cave|work=BBC News|date=18 September 2016|access-date=18 September 2016}}</ref>
* '''21 – 3.7 kya:''' [[Star chart]] in [[France]],<ref>{{cite arXiv
  | last=Sparavigna | first=Amelia
  | title=The Pleiades: the celestial herd of ancient timekeepers
  | date=October 2008
  | eprint=0810.1592v1
  | class=physics.hist-ph
  }}</ref><ref>{{cite news
 | first=Jack | last=Lucentini
 | title=Dr. Michael A. Rappenglueck sees maps of the night sky, and images of shamanistic ritual teeming with cosmological meaning
 | publisher=space.
 | url=http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/planetearth/cave_paintings_000810.html
 | access-date=29 September 2009}}</ref> and later [[Spain]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/871930.stm|title=BBC News - SCI/TECH - Ice Age star map discovered|website=BBC News|access-date=13 April 2018}}</ref> [[Kashmir]],<ref>{{Cite web | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224170314/https://www.tifr.res.in/~archaeo/papers/Prehistoric%20astronomy/Oldest%20Supernova%20record%20in%20Kashmir.pdf | archive-date=2018-12-24 | url=https://www.tifr.res.in/~archaeo/papers/Prehistoric%20astronomy/Oldest%20Supernova%20record%20in%20Kashmir.pdf | title=Oldest sky-chart with Supernova record}}</ref> Germany,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.landesmuseum-vorgeschichte.de/en/nebra-sky-disc.html |title=Nebra Sky Disc|website=Halle State Museum of Prehistory}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://the-past.com/feature/the-nebra-sky-disc-decoding-a-prehistoric-vision-of-the-cosmos/|title=The Nebra Sky Disc: decoding a prehistoric vision of the cosmos|website=The-Past.com|date=May 2022}}</ref> and Egypt.<ref>{{cite journal
 | last=von Spaeth | first=Ove
 | title=Dating the Oldest Egyptian Star Map
 | journal=Centaurus
 | date=2000 | volume=42
 | issue=3
 | url=http://www.moses-egypt.net/star-map/senmut1-mapdate_en.asp
 | access-date=2007-10-21 | doi=10.1034/j.1600-0498.2000.420301.x|bibcode= 2000Cent...42..159V | pages=159–179| url-access=subscription}}</ref>
* '''20 – 16 kya:''' [[Pottery]] in [[China]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2012/06/pottery-found-in-from-china-cave-confirmed-as-worlds-oldest/1|title=Pottery found in China cave confirmed as world's oldest|author=Stanglin, Douglas|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|date=2012-06-29}}</ref><ref name="Science">{{cite journal|title=Early Pottery at 20,000 Years Ago in Xianrendong Cave, China|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|date=June 29, 2012|volume=336|issue=6089|pages=1696–1700|doi=10.1126/science.1218643|bibcode = 2012Sci...336.1696W|pmid=22745428|last1=Wu|first1=X|last2=Zhang|first2=C|last3=Goldberg|first3=P|last4=Cohen|first4=D|last5=Pan|first5=Y|last6=Arpin|first6=T|last7=Bar-Yosef|first7=O|s2cid=37666548 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.cleveland.com/world/index.ssf/2009/06/chinese_pottery_may_be_earlies.html "Chinese pottery may be earliest discovered"]. [[Associated Press]]. 1 June 2009</ref>
* '''17.5 kya:''' [[Spear-thrower]] (atlatl), found in France.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Peregrine|first1=Peter N.|author-link1=Peter N. Peregrine|first2=Melvin|last2=Ember|author-link2=Melvin Ember|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Prehistory|volume=4|article=Europe|publisher = Springer | year = 2001|isbn = 978-0-306-46258-0|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=uOzejz5zUTQC&q=Combe+Sauniere+atlatl&pg=PA349}}</ref>
* '''14.5 kya:''' [[Bread]] in Jordan<ref name="Briggs2018">{{cite web |last1=Briggs |first1=Helen |title=Prehistoric bake-off: Recipe for oldest bread revealed |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-44846874 |publisher=[[British Broadcasting Corporation]] |access-date=17 July 2018 |date=17 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="Arranz-Otaegui Gonzalez Carretero Ramsey Fuller p=201801071">{{cite journal | last1=Arranz-Otaegui | first1=Amaia | last2=Gonzalez Carretero | first2=Lara | last3=Ramsey | first3=Monica N. | last4=Fuller | first4=Dorian Q. | last5=Richter | first5=Tobias | title=Archaeobotanical evidence reveals the origins of bread 14,400 years ago in northeastern Jordan | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | volume=115 | issue=31 | pages=7925–7930 | date=16 July 2018 | doi=10.1073/pnas.1801071115 | pmid=30012614 | pmc=6077754| bibcode=2018PNAS..115.7925A | doi-access=free }}</ref>
* '''12 kya:''' [[Spindle whorl]], also the oldest [[wheel]]-like tool, at [[Nahal Ein Gev II]] (Israel)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yashuv |first1=Talia |last2=Grosman |first2=Leore |date=2024-11-13 |title=12,000-year-old spindle whorls and the innovation of wheeled rotational technologies |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=19 |issue=11 |pages=e0312007 |doi= 10.1371/journal.pone.0312007|doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=11559986 |pmid=39536041|bibcode=2024PLoSO..1912007Y }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lesté-Lasserre |first=Christa |date=2024-11-13 |title=12,000-year-old stones may be oldest example of wheel-like tools |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2456238-12000-year-old-stones-may-be-oldest-example-of-wheel-like-tools/ |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=New Scientist |language=en-US}}</ref>