Editing Timeline of thermodynamics (section)

== Before 1800 ==
* 1593 – [[Galileo Galilei]] invents one of the first [[thermoscope]]s, also known as [[Galileo thermometer]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who Gets Credit for Inventing the Thermometer? |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/the-history-of-the-thermometer-1992525 |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=ThoughtCo |language=en}}</ref>
* 1650&nbsp;– [[Otto von Guericke]] builds the first [[vacuum pump]]
* 1660&nbsp;– [[Robert Boyle]] experimentally discovers [[Boyle's law]], relating the pressure and volume of a gas (published 1662)<ref>In 1662, he published a second edition of the 1660 book ''New Experiments Physico-Mechanical, Touching the Spring of the Air, and its Effects'' with an addendum ''Whereunto is Added a Defence of the Authors Explication of the Experiments, Against the Obiections of Franciscus Linus and Thomas Hobbes''; see ''J Appl Physiol'' 98: 31–39, 2005. ([http://jap.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/98/1/31 Jap.physiology.org Online].)</ref>
* 1665&nbsp;– [[Robert Hooke]] published his book ''[[Micrographia]]'', which contained the statement: "Heat being nothing else but a very brisk and vehement agitation of the parts of a body."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hooke |first=Robert |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/15491/15491-h/15491-h.htm |title=Micrographia: Or Some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies Made by Magnifying Glasses with Observations and Inquiries Thereupon |publisher=Printed by Jo. Martyn, and Ja. Allestry, Printers to the Royal Society |year=1665 |pages=12 |postscript=. (Machine-readable, no pagination)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hooke |first=Robert |url=https://ttp.royalsociety.org/ttp/ttp.html?id=a9c4863d-db77-42d1-b294-fe66c85958b3&type=book |title=Micrographia: Or Some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies Made by Magnifying Glasses with Observations and Inquiries Thereupon |publisher=Printed by Jo. Martyn, and Ja. Allestry, Printers to the Royal Society |year=1665 |pages=12 |postscript=. (Facsimile, with pagination)}}</ref>
* 1667&nbsp;– [[J. J. Becher]] puts forward a theory of [[combustion]] involving ''combustible earth'' in his book ''Physica subterranea''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Becher, Johann Joachim, 1635-1682.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/3425904|title=Physica subterranea profundam subterraneorum genesin, e principiis hucusque ignotis, ostendens|date=1738|publisher=Ex officina Weidmanniana|oclc=3425904}}</ref> (see [[Phlogiston theory]]).
* 1676–1689&nbsp;– [[Gottfried Leibniz]] develops the concept of ''[[vis viva]]'', a limited version of the [[conservation of energy]]
* 1679&nbsp;– [[Denis Papin]] designed a [[steam digester]] which inspired the development of the piston-and-cylinder steam engine.
* 1694–1734&nbsp;– [[Georg Ernst Stahl]] names Becher's combustible earth as [[phlogiston]] and develops the theory
* 1698&nbsp;– [[Thomas Savery]] patents an early steam engine<ref name=jenkins>{{cite book | last = Jenkins | first = Rhys | title = Links in the History of Engineering and Technology from Tudor Times | publisher = Ayer Publishing | year = 1936 | pages = 66 | isbn = 0-8369-2167-4}}</ref>
* 1702&nbsp;– [[Guillaume Amontons]] introduces the concept of [[absolute zero]], based on observations of [[gas]]es
* 1738&nbsp;– [[Daniel Bernoulli]] publishes ''[[Hydrodynamica]]'', initiating the [[kinetic theory of gases|kinetic theory]]
* 1749&nbsp;– [[Émilie du Châtelet]], in her French translation and commentary on [[Isaac Newton|Newton's]] ''[[Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica]]'', derives the [[conservation of energy]] from the first principles of Newtonian mechanics.
* 1761&nbsp;– [[Joseph Black]] discovers that ice absorbs heat without changing its temperature when melting
* 1772&nbsp;– Black's student [[Daniel Rutherford]] discovers [[nitrogen]],<ref>See:
* Daniel Rutherford (1772) [https://books.google.com/books?id=JxUUAAAAQAAJ "Dissertatio Inauguralis de aere fixo, aut mephitico"] (Inaugural dissertation on the air [called] fixed or mephitic), M.D. dissertation, University of Edinburgh, Scotland.
* English translation:  Leonard Dobbin (1935) "Daniel Rutherford's inaugural dissertation," ''Journal of Chemical Education'', '''12''' (8) : 370–375.
* See also:  James R. Marshall and Virginia L. Marshall (Spring 2015) "Rediscovery of the Elements:  Daniel Rutherford, nitrogen, and the demise of phlogiston," ''The Hexagon'' (of [[Alpha Chi Sigma]]), '''106''' (1) : 4–8.  Available on-line at:  [https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc824866/m2/1/high_res_d/spring-2015-4-8.pdf University of North Texas].</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yS_m3PrVbpgC&pg=PR15|page=15|title=Elements of chemistry, in a new systematic order: containing all the modern discoveries|author=Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent|author-link=Antoine Lavoisier|publisher=Courier Dover Publications|year=1965|isbn=0-486-64624-6}}</ref> which he calls ''phlogisticated air'', and together they explain the results in terms of the [[phlogiston theory]]
* 1776&nbsp;– [[John Smeaton]] publishes a paper on [[experiment]]s related to [[power (physics)|power]], [[mechanical work|work]], [[momentum]], and [[kinetic energy]], supporting the conservation of energy
* 1777&nbsp;– [[Carl Wilhelm Scheele]] distinguishes [[heat transfer]] by [[thermal radiation]] from that by [[convection]] and [[heat conduction|conduction]]
* 1783&nbsp;– [[Antoine Lavoisier]] discovers [[oxygen]] and develops an explanation for combustion; in his paper "Réflexions sur le phlogistique", he deprecates the phlogiston theory and proposes a [[caloric theory]]
* 1784&nbsp;– [[Jan Ingenhousz]] describes [[Brownian motion]] of charcoal particles on water
* 1791&nbsp;– [[Pierre Prévost (physicist)|Pierre Prévost]] shows that all bodies radiate heat, no matter how hot or cold they are<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Prévost|first=Pierre|date=April 1791|title=Mémoire sur l'équilibre du feu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ZLOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA314|journal=Observations Sur la Physique|language=fr|volume=XXXVIII|issue=1|pages=314–323}}</ref>
* 1798&nbsp;– Count Rumford ([[Benjamin Thompson]]) publishes his paper "[[An Inquiry Concerning the Source of the Heat Which Is Excited by Friction]]" detailing measurements of the [[friction]]al heat generated in [[Boring (manufacturing)|boring]] [[cannon]]s and develops the idea that heat is a form of [[kinetic energy]]; his measurements are inconsistent with caloric theory, but are also sufficiently imprecise as to leave room for doubt.