Editing Tisha B'Av (section)

==History==

===Five calamities===

[[Image:NinthAvStonesWesternWall.JPG|thumb|right|Excavated stones from the Western Wall of the Temple Mount (Jerusalem, Israel), knocked onto the street below by Roman battering rams in 70 CE]]

According to the [[Mishnah]] (''[[Ta'anit (Talmud)|Taanit]]'' 4:6), five specific events occurred on the ninth of Av that warrant fasting:

# The [[The Twelve Spies|Twelve Spies]] sent by [[Moses]] to observe the land of [[Canaan]] returned from their mission. Only two of the spies, [[Joshua]] and [[Caleb]], brought a positive report, while the others spoke disparagingly about the land. The majority report caused the [[Children of Israel]] to cry, panic and despair of ever entering the "[[Promised Land]]". For this, they were punished by [[Names of God in Judaism|God]] that their generation would not enter the land.<ref>See {{bibleverse||Numbers|13|HE}}; {{bibleverse||Numbers|14|HE}}.</ref> The [[midrash]] quotes God as saying about this event, "You cried before me pointlessly, I will fix for you [this day as a day of] crying for the generations",<ref>[[Numbers Rabbah]] 16:20</ref> alluding to the future misfortunes which occurred on the same date.
# The [[Solomon's Temple|First Temple]] built by [[Solomon|King Solomon]] was [[Siege of Jerusalem (586 BC)|destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar]] in 586 BCE, and the population of the [[Kingdom of Judah]] was sent into the [[Babylonian captivity|Babylonian exile]].<ref name="jewishencyc">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/110-ab-ninth-day-of|title=Ab, Ninth Day of|encyclopedia=[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]|access-date=15 July 2013}}</ref> According to the Bible, the First Temple's destruction began on the 7th of Av (2 Kings 25:8) and continued until the 10th (Jeremiah 52:12). According to the [[Talmud]],<ref>[[Ta'anit (Talmud)|Ta'anit]] 29a</ref> the actual destruction of the Temple began on the Ninth of Av, and it continued to burn throughout the Tenth of Av.
# The [[Second Temple]], built by [[Zerubbabel]] and renovated by [[Herod the Great]], was [[Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)|destroyed by the Romans]] on 9 Av 70 CE,{{efn|Secular chronology gives the year as 70 CE. Some versions of rabbinic chronology give the year as 68 CE. See [[Missing years (Jewish calendar)#Two-year difference within the Hebrew calendar]] for elaboration.}} scattering the people of [[Judea]] and commencing the [[Jewish diaspora|Jewish exile]] from the Holy Land.<ref name="jewishencyc"/> 
# The Romans subsequently crushed [[Bar Kokhba's revolt]] and destroyed the city of [[Betar (fortress)|Betar]], killing over 500,000 Jewish civilians (approximately 580,000) on 9 Av 135 CE.<ref name="Ohr">{{cite web |url=http://ohr.edu/1088 |title=History of Events on Tisha B'Av |last=Becher |first=Rabbi Mordechai |year=1995 |access-date=19 July 2010 |publisher=ohrnet}}</ref>
# Following the Bar Kokhba revolt, Roman commander [[Quintus Tineius Rufus (consul 127)|Quintus Tineius Rufus]] plowed the site of the Temple in Jerusalem and the surrounding area.<ref name="Barclay" />

===Other calamities===
Over time, Tisha B'Av has come to be a Jewish day of mourning, not only for these events, but also for later tragedies that occurred on or near the 9th of Av. References to some of these events appear in liturgy composed for Tisha B'Av (see below). Note that dates prior to 1582 are in the [[Julian calendar]], not the [[Gregorian calendar]].

*The [[Crusades|First Crusade]] officially commenced on 15 August 1096 (Av 24, AM 4856), [[Pogroms of 1096|killing 10,000 Jews]] in its first month and destroying Jewish communities in [[France]] and the [[Rhineland]].<ref name="Ohr"/><ref name="Erbstösser">{{cite book|last=Erbstösser|first=Martin|title=The Crusades|year=1978|publisher=Brunel House|location=UK|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bWCbAAAAMAAJ|isbn=978-0876633311}}</ref>
*The Jews were [[Edict of Expulsion|expelled]] from [[England]] on 18 July 1290 (Av 9, AM 5050).<ref name="Ohr" />
*The Jews were [[History of the Jews in France#The Great Exile of 1306|expelled from France]] on 22 July 1306 (Av 10, AM 5066).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/.premium-1306-king-philip-expels-all-france-s-jews-1.5413718|title=This Day In Jewish History 1306: King Philip 'The Fair' Expels All France's Jews|first=David B.|last=Green|date=22 July 2016|newspaper=Haaretz}}</ref>
*The Jews were [[Alhambra Decree|expelled]] from [[Spain]] on 31 July 1492 (Av 7, AM 5252).<ref name="Barclay">{{cite book |title=Guidelines: Over Four Hundred of the Most Commonly Asked Questions About the Three Weeks |last1=Barclay |first1=Rabbi Elozor |last2=Jaeger |first2=Rabbi Yitzchok |year=2003 |publisher=[[Targum Press]] |isbn=1-56871-254-5}}. Note that 31 July is the [[Julian calendar]] date; corrected for the [[Gregorian calendar]] it would be 10 August.</ref>
*Germany entered [[World War I]] on 1–2 August 1914 (Av 9–10, AM 5674), which caused massive upheaval in European Jewry and whose aftermath led to World War II and [[the Holocaust]].<ref name="Ohr" />
* On 2 August 1941 (Av 9, AM 5701), SS commander [[Heinrich Himmler]] formally received approval from the Nazi Party for "[[The Final Solution]]," which marked the beginning of the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]] during which almost one third of the world's Jewish population was murdered.<ref name="TheUs">{{cite web|url=https://www.theus.org.uk/sites/default/files/9TH%20AV%20SLIDE%20SHOW_ie_ml.pdf|title=The three weeks, Tisha B'av (9th of Av) and the month of Av in general|access-date=1 August 2017|archive-date=17 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917110433/https://www.theus.org.uk/sites/default/files/9TH%20AV%20SLIDE%20SHOW_ie_ml.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*On 23 July 1942 (Av 9, AM 5702), the mass deportation of Jews from the [[Warsaw Ghetto]] to [[Treblinka]] began.<ref name="TheUs" />
*The [[AMIA bombing]] on the Jewish community center in [[Buenos Aires]], killed 85 and injured 300 on 18 July 1994 (10 Av, AM 5754).<ref>{{cite news|last=Kreiman|first=Claudia|title=Grief and Consolation in the Month of Av (Isaiah 40:1–26)|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rabbi-claudia-kreiman/grief-and-consolation-in-_b_3605073.html|date=15 September 2013|agency=Huffington Post}}</ref>

While the [[Holocaust]] spanned a number of years, religious communities use Tisha B'Av to mourn its 6,000,000 Jewish victims, either in addition to or instead of the secular [[Holocaust Memorial Days]] such as [[Yom HaShoah]]. On Tisha B'Av, communities that otherwise do not modify the traditional prayer liturgy have added the recitation of special ''[[kinnot]]'' related to the [[Holocaust]].<ref name=":0" />[[File:Tisha beav.png|thumb|Tisha b'Av prayers (1740)]]Similarly, within [[Religious Zionism|Religious Zionist]] communities, the 2005 [[Israeli disengagement from Gaza]] is mourned on Tisha B'Av as well, a practice supported by Religious Zionist rabbis like [[Yaakov Ariel]] and [[Dov Lior]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=יהדות, שיעורים, זמנים |url=https://www.yeshiva.org.il/?ignoreuniversal=1 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=אתר ישיבה |language=he}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-10-05 |title=גוש קטיף וט' באב {{!}} שאל את הרב |url=https://www.kipa.co.il/%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%90%D7%AA-%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91/%d7%92%d7%95%d7%a9-%d7%a7%d7%98%d7%99%d7%a3-%d7%95%d7%98-%d7%91%d7%90%d7%91/ |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=כיפה |language=he-IL}}</ref> [[Kinah|Kinnot]] have been composed about the withdrawal,<ref>{{Cite web |title=קינות גוש קטיף לתשעה באב – מוזיאון גוש קטיף |url=https://gushkatifmuseum.com/%d7%a7%d7%99%d7%a0%d7%95%d7%aa-%d7%92%d7%95%d7%a9-%d7%a7%d7%98%d7%99%d7%a3-%d7%9c%d7%aa%d7%a9%d7%a2%d7%94-%d7%91%d7%90%d7%91/ |access-date=2024-06-21 |language=he-IL}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=קינה על גוש קטיף • הקול היהודי |url=https://www.hakolhayehudi.co.il/item/Jewish_life/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A9_%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A3 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=• הקול היהודי |language=he}}</ref> and the connection to Tisha b'Av was emphasized in 10-year anniversary commemorations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ben-Porat |first=Ido |date=Jul 21, 2015 |title='Disengagement Joins 5 Tragedies of Tisha B'Av' |url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/198429 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=www.israelnationalnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-03 |title=Revisiting the Gaza Withdrawal, 10 Years Later |url=https://forward.com/israel/318228/gaza-withdrawal-10-years-later/ |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=The Forward |language=en}}</ref> Although the disengagement operation had been delayed specifically to avoid coinciding with [[The Three Weeks]] and Tisha b'Av, the timing lent itself to symbolic interpretation both by Religious Zionists and by wider Jewish culture.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fine |first=Steven |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YR4_DQAAQBAJ |title=The Menorah: From the Bible to Modern Israel |date=2016-11-21 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-08879-5 |pages=221–222 |language=en}}</ref> However, even within Religious Zionism, [[Chaim Navon]] holds that the disengagement did not rise to the level of a calamity<ref>{{Cite web |title=יהדות, שיעורים, זמנים |url=https://www.yeshiva.org.il/?ignoreuniversal=1 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=אתר ישיבה |language=he}}</ref> and [[Shlomo Aviner]] has written that mourning the disengagement on Tisha b'Av is forbidden because it incites political division.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-27 |title=במה לעסוק בט' באב? הרב אבינר משיב |url=https://www.kipa.co.il/%D7%99%D7%94%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA/%D7%97%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9D/%D7%AA%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%94-%D7%91%D7%90%D7%91/1096594-%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%94-%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A7-%D7%91%D7%98-%D7%91%D7%90%D7%91-%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91-%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A8-%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%91/ |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=כיפה |language=he-IL}}</ref> [[Yona Metzger]], then [[Chief Rabbi of Israel|Ashkenazic Chief Rabbi of Israel]], ruled in 2006 that the disengagement was a tragedy but mourning rituals should not be integrated into Tisha b'Av,<ref>{{Cite web |title=קביעת תענית וקינות על חורבן גוש קטיף |url=https://zomet.org.il/thumin/%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%AA-%D7%AA%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA-%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%A2%D7%9C-%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%9F-%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A9-%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A3-2/ |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=צומת |language=he-IL}}</ref> while [[Howard Jachter]] permits it in narrow fashion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gray Matter IV, Israel, Gush Katif Fasting and Kinnot 1 |url=https://www.sefaria.org/Gray_Matter_IV,_Israel,_Gush_Katif_Fasting_and_Kinnot.1 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=www.sefaria.org}}</ref>

Kinnot regarding the [[2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel]] have also been added to the Tisha b'Av liturgy.<ref name="Hajdenbigger-A000"></ref><ref name="Harkovigger-A000"></ref>

===Related observances===
In connection with the fall of [[Jerusalem]], three other fast-days were established at the same time as the Ninth Day of Av: these were the [[Tenth of Tevet]], when the siege of Jerusalem by the Babylonians began; the [[Seventeenth of Tammuz]], when the first breach was made in the wall by the Romans; and the Third of Tishrei, known as the [[Fast of Gedaliah]], the day when [[Gedaliah]] was assassinated in the time of the Babylonians following the destruction of the First Temple.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/6033-fasting-and-fast-days|title=Fasting and Fast-Days|website=www.jewishencyclopedia.com}}</ref> The three weeks leading up to Tisha B'Av are known as [[The Three Weeks]], while the nine days leading up to Tisha B'Av are known as [[The Nine Days]].<ref name=":0" />