Editing Titration (section)

==History and etymology==
The word "titration" descends from the French word ''titrer'' (1543), meaning the proportion of gold or silver in coins or in works of gold or silver; i.e., a measure of fineness or purity.  ''Tiltre'' became ''titre'',<ref>[http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/titre Ortolang: "titre" (in French)]: "4. a) 1543 ''tiltre « proportion d'or ou d'argent dans les monnaies, dans les ouvrages d'or et d'argent »'' " (''tiltre'':  proportion of gold or silver in monies, in works of gold or silver)</ref> which thus came to mean the "fineness of alloyed gold",<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.etymonline.com/search?q=titre| title = Etymology On Line: titrate}}</ref> and then the "concentration of a substance in a given sample".<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wordreference.com/definition/titre| title = WordReference: titre and titer}}</ref>  In 1828, the French chemist [[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]] first used ''titre'' as a verb (''titrer''), meaning "to determine the concentration of a substance in a given sample".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gay-Lussac|title=Essai des potasses du commerce|journal=Annales de Chimie et de Physique|date=1828|volume=39|pages=337–368|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hx3dvy;view=1up;seq=339|series=2nd series|trans-title=Assays of commercial potash|language=fr}}  In footnote (1) of p. 340, Gay-Lussac first uses ''titre'' as a verb:  ''"Il leur serait plus facile de titrer l'acide sulfurique normal au moyen du carbonate de soude ou de potasse pur; ... "'' ([In determining the concentration of sulfuric acid] it would be easier for them to titrate normal sulfuric acid by means of pure sodium or potassium carbonate; ... )</ref>

Volumetric analysis originated in late 18th-century France. French chemist [[François-Antoine-Henri Descroizilles]] ([[:fr:François-Antoine-Henri Descroizilles|fr]]) developed the first burette (which was similar to a graduated cylinder) in 1791.<ref>{{cite book|last=Szabadváry |first=Ferenc|year=1993|title=History of Analytical Chemistry|pages=208–209|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=2-88124-569-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Descroizilles|title=Description et usages du Berthollimêtre, ...|journal=Journal des Arts et Manufactures|date= 1795 |volume=1|pages=256–276|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k43824q/f299.image|trans-title=Description and uses of the Berthollimeter, ... |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wisniak|first1=Jaime|title=François Antoine Henri Descroizilles |journal= Revista CENIC Ciencias Químicas|date=2014|volume=45|issue=1|pages=184–193|url=http://revista.cnic.edu.cu/revistaCQ/articulos/françois-antoine-henri-descroizilles}}</ref> Gay-Lussac developed an improved version of the burette that included a side arm, and invented the terms "[[pipette]]" and "[[burette]]" in an 1824 paper on the standardization of indigo solutions.<ref>{{cite journal|last1= Gay-Lussac|title=Instruction sur l'essai du chlorure de chaux|journal=Annales de chimie et de physique|date=1824|volume=26|pages= 162–175 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hx3dwa;view=1up;seq=180|series=2nd series|trans-title=Instructions on the assaying of chlorinated lime|language=fr}}  On pp. 170–171, Gay-Lussac describes various figures that appear in a plate (illustration) that accompanies the article.  From p. 170:  ''" ''F'', petite mesure ou pipette de {{sfrac|2|1|2}} centimètres cubes, ... "''  ( ''F'', small measure or "pipette" of {{sfrac|2|1|2}} cc., ... )  From p. 171:  ''" ''I'', burette destinée à mesurer la teinture d'épreuve: ... "'' ( ''I'', "burette" intended to measure the test dye: ... )</ref> The first true burette was invented in 1845 by the French chemist [[Étienne-Ossian Henry]] (1798–1873).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Henry|first1=O.|title=Nouvelles expériences sur l'essai des potasses du commerce et appareil dit potassimètre pour l'effectuer|journal=Journale de Pharmacie et de Chimie|date=1845|volume=7|pages=214–222|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hx3kbt;view=1up;seq=216|series=3rd series|trans-title=New experiments on the assay of commercial potash and an apparatus called a "potassimeter" to perform it|language=fr}}  A sketch of Henry's burette appears on p. 218.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1= Szabadváry|first1=Ferenc|title=The history of chemical laboratory equipment|journal=Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering|date=1986 |volume=30|issue=1–2|pages=77–95|url=https://pp.bme.hu/ch/article/view/2829/1934}} See p. 87.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Szabadváry |first1= Ferenc|title=History of Analytical Chemistry|date=1966|publisher=Permagon Press|location=Oxford, England|page=237|isbn= 9781483157122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=icn9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA237|translator=Gyula Svehla}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Christophe|first1=R.|title=L'analyse volumétrique de 1790 à 1860. Caractéristiques et importance industrielle. Evolution des instruments.|journal=Revue d'histoire des sciences|date=1971|volume=24|issue=1|pages=25–44|doi=10.3406/rhs.1971.3172|trans-title= Volumetric analysis from 1790–1860. Characteristics and industrial importance. Evolution of instruments.|language=fr}}  From p. 38:  ''" ... il préfigure bien ses descendants actuelles ... "''  ( ... it [i.e., Henry's burette] foreshadows well its modern descendants ... )</ref>  A major improvement of the method and popularization of volumetric analysis was due to [[Karl Friedrich Mohr]], who redesigned the burette into a simple and convenient form, and who wrote the first textbook on the topic, ''Lehrbuch der chemisch-analytischen Titrirmethode'' (''Textbook of analytical chemistry titration methods''), published in 1855.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rosenfeld |first=L.|year=1999|title=Four Centuries of Clinical Chemistry|pages=72–75|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|isbn=90-5699-645-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Mohr|first1=Karl Friedrich |title=Lehrbuch der chemisch-analytischen Titrirmethode ... , part 1|date=1855|publisher=Friederich Vieweg und Sohn|location= Braunschweig, (Germany)|pages=2–20|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89087461158;view=1up;seq=7|trans-title=Textbook of analytical chemistry titration methods ... |language=de}}  Page 3 shows Mohr's burette; page 12 shows a burette with a glass stopcock (''Glasshahn'').</ref>