Editing Track spikes (section)

==History==
[[File:Harold Abrahams 1921.jpg|thumb|upright|1924 Olympic 100 m champion [[Harold Abrahams]] wearing J.W. Fosters pioneering running spikes]]
[[File:Old running spikes side view.jpg|thumb|Old running spikes for cinder tracks]]

Track spikes had become popular in England by the 1860s,<ref>{{cite book |title= A history of American amateur athletics and aquatics: with the records|last= Janssen|first=Frederick William|year= 1888|oclc=38503721|publisher=[[Outing (magazine)|Outing company]]|page= 126|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=spike+shoe+running&hl=en#sclient=psy&hl=en&tbs=bks:1%2Ccdr%3A1%2Ccd_min%3A1%2F1%2F1850%2Ccd_max%3A1889&q=%22everybody+agreed+that+if+they+were+in+common+use+by+English+athletes%2C+they+must+be+desirable+for+Americans%22&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&oq=&pbx=1&bav=on.2,or.&fp=f6f1bcc041db8b52|access-date=March 8, 2011}}</ref> but the concept of spikes in shoes to give running traction has been around much longer. As written in the 1852 publication of ''Calmet's Dictionary of the Holy Bible'' regarding military arms at the time of [[Paul the Apostle]] (c. 5 – c. 67):{{blockquote|text="Having the feet shod with the ''preparation'' of the gospel of peace;" not iron, not steel; but patient investigation, calm inquiry; assiduous, laborious, lasting; if not, rather, with ''firm footing'' in the gospel of peace. Whether [[Paul the Apostle|the apostle]] here means stout, well-tanned leather, leather well prepared, by his "preparation of the gospel of peace" or shoes which had spikes in them, which, running into the ground, gave a steadfastness to the soldier who wore them, may come under remark hereafter. We shall only add, that [[Moses]] seems, at least according to our rendering, to have some allusion to shoes, either plated, or spiked, on the sole, when he says, ([http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0533.htm Deut. xxxiii. 25.]) "Thy shoes shall be iron and brass; and as thy days shall thy strength be."<ref>{{cite book |title= Calmet's Dictionary of the Holy Bible, as published by the late Mr. Charles Taylor, with the fragments incorporated|last= Calmet|first=Augustin |author-link=Augustin Calmet|editor1= Charles Taylor|editor-link= Charles Taylor (engraver)|editor2=Edward Robinson|editor2-link=Edward Robinson (scholar)|edition=9 |year= 1852|oclc=12301476|publisher= [[Crocker & Brewster]]|page= 100|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yZlBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA100|access-date=March 8, 2011}}</ref>}}

For pioneering the use of spikes, [[J.W. Foster and Sons]]'s revolutionary running pumps appear in the book, ''Golden Kicks: The Shoes that changed Sport''.<ref name="Coles">{{cite book|last1=Colea|first1=Jason|title=Golden Kicks: The Shoes that Changed Sport|date=2016|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|pages=14–16}}</ref> The company began distributing shoes across the United Kingdom and were worn by British athletes.<ref name="Coles"/> They were made famous by 100m Olympic champion [[Harold Abrahams]] (who would be immortalized in the Oscar winning film ''[[Chariots of Fire]]'') in the [[1924 Summer Olympics]] held in [[Paris]].<ref name="Coles"/><ref name=ny86>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/05/15/business/market-place-the-surging-reebok-stock.html|title=Market Place; The Surging Reebok Stock|author=Vartanig G. Vartan|date=May 15, 1986|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=February 24, 2015}}</ref>

In 1934, [[American football]] player and coach [[Glenn Scobey Warner|Pop Warner]] recommended them for running events in his widely distributed book, ''"Pop" Warner's book for boys.''<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=%22Track+spike%22&hl=en#sclient=psy&hl=en&tbs=bks:1%2Ccdr%3A1%2Ccd_min%3A1%2F1%2F1900%2Ccd_max%3A1934&q=%22track+spike+shoes%22&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&oq=&pbx=1&bav=on.2,or.&fp=f6f1bcc041db8b52|title="Pop" Warner's book for boys|last=Warner|first=Glenn Scobey|publisher=R.M. McBride & company|year=1934|page=125|oclc=4198647|author-link=Glenn Scobey Warner|author2=Frank J. Taylor|access-date=March 8, 2011}}</ref>

Additionally, Adolf Dassler, the founder of Adidas, assisted in the development of track spikes for multiple events. In an effort to enhance the quality of spiked athletic footwear, he transitioned from a previous model of heavy metal spikes to attempting to utilize canvas and rubber.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://spikes.insideathletics.com.au/history-of-athletics-spikes/|title=History of athletics spikes|date=2020-05-19|work=Inside Athletics|access-date=2020-05-19|language=en-US}}</ref> He carved them by hand and were eventually worn during the 1936 Olympics by Jesse Owens. People began to take notice, and Owens inherently helped popularize Dassler's design. Track spikes continued to gain notable recognition when [[Emil Zátopek]], a distance runner from Czech Republic, wore them during the 1952 Olympics in Helsinki.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.freelapusa.com/the-history-of-track-spikes/|title=The History of Track Spikes|date=2014-02-15|work=Freelap USA|access-date=2017-06-02|language=en-US}}</ref>