Editing Traffic enforcement camera (section)

==Types==
[[Image:BSB 04 2008 412 ETS.JPG|thumb|right|Automatic speed enforcement gantry or "''Lombada Eletrônica''" with ground sensors in [[Brasília|Brasília, D.F]] ]]
[[Image:mobile speed camera.jpg|thumb|right|Gatso Mobile Speed Camera, used in Victoria, Australia. The camera is mounted on the passenger side dash, whilst the black box on the front is the radar unit.]]

===Bus lane enforcement===
Some bus lane enforcement cameras use a sensor in the road, which triggers a number-plate recognition camera, which compares the [[vehicle registration plate]] with a list of approved vehicles and records images of other vehicles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pipstechnology.co.uk/applications.php?section_id=2&article_id=13|title=Bus Lane Enforcement|publisher=PIPS Technology|access-date=2010-04-26|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428022312/http://www.pipstechnology.co.uk/applications.php?section_id=2&article_id=13|archive-date=2010-04-28}}</ref> Other systems use a camera mounted on the bus, for example in [[London]] where they monitor [[Red route]]s<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jai.com/EN/Traffic/Applications/Pages/Buslaneenforcement.aspx|title=Bus lane enforcement|publisher=jai|access-date=2010-04-26|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100511012710/http://www.jai.com/EN/Traffic/Applications/Pages/Buslaneenforcement.aspx|archive-date=2010-05-11}}</ref> on which stopping is not allowed for any purpose (other than [[taxicab|taxi]]s and [[disabled parking permit]] holders).<ref name=highwaycoderoad>{{cite web|url=http://www.direct.gov.uk/prod_consum_dg/groups/dg_digitalassets/@dg/@en/documents/digitalasset/dg_070563.pdf|title=Road markings|work=direct.gov|access-date=2010-04-01|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106142053/http://www.direct.gov.uk/prod_consum_dg/groups/dg_digitalassets/@dg/@en/documents/digitalasset/dg_070563.pdf|archive-date=2011-01-06}}</ref>

On Monday, February 23, 2009, New York City announced testing camera enforcement of bus lanes on 34th Street in Midtown Manhattan where a New York City taxi illegally using the bus lanes would face a fine of $150 adjudicated by the [[New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission]].<ref>[[New York City Department of Transportation]]: [http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/pr2009/pr09_013.shtml Commissioner Sadik-Khan, MTA Executive Director Sander, Chairman Daus announce camera enforcement of bus lanes to speed transit] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419132001/http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/pr2009/pr09_013.shtml |date=2009-04-19 }}, Nyc.gov, February 23, 2009</ref>

In October 2013, in Melbourne (Australia), Melbourne Airport introduced seven [[automatic number-plate recognition]] (ANPR) cameras in their bus forecourt to monitor bus lanes and provide charging points based on vehicle type and the dwell time of each vehicle. Entry and Exit cameras determine the length of stay and provide alerts for unregistered or vehicles of concern via onscreen, email, or SMS-based alerts. This system was the first of several Sensor Dynamics based ANPR solutions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://melbourneairport.com.au/about-melbourne-airport/current-projects/forecourt-redevelopment.html|title=Melbourne Airport Forecourt Redevelopment Project|website=Melbourneairport.com.au|access-date=2016-06-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://vhaairportshuttle.com.au/gallery/index.php/Image/13-Melbourne-Airport-Bus-Lane/|title=Melbourne Airport Bus Lane|work=Airport shuttle service, shuttle buses. VHA Airport Shuttle|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227122322/http://vhaairportshuttle.com.au/gallery/index.php/Image/13-Melbourne-Airport-Bus-Lane/|archive-date=2015-02-27}}</ref>
[[File:Melbourne Airport Bus forecourt using ANPR.jpg|thumb|Melbourne Airport was the first Australian Airport to use ANPR technology to charge buses for access to bus pick up lanes.]]

===Red light enforcement===
{{Main|Red light camera}}
[[Image:red-light-camera-springfield-ohio.jpg|thumb|[[Redflex]] red light camera in [[Springfield, Ohio]], US]]
[[File:Pictures taken by red light camera.jpg|thumb|A set of pictures taken by a red light camera in [[Luannan County]], China, the black car in the pictures ran the red light]]
A [[red light camera]] is a traffic camera that takes an image of a vehicle that goes through an intersection where the light is red. The system continuously monitors the traffic signal and the camera is triggered by any vehicle entering the intersection above a preset minimum speed and following a specified time after the signal has turned red.<ref name=Baratian>{{cite journal |last1=Baratian-Ghorghi |first1=Fatemeh |last2=Zhou |first2=Huaguo |last3=Wasilefsky |first3=Isaac |year=2015 |title=Effect of Red-Light Cameras on Capacity of Signalized Intersections |journal=Journal of Transportation Engineering |volume=142 |page=04015035 |doi=10.1061/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000804 }}</ref>

Red light cameras are also utilized in capturing [[Texting while driving|texting-while-driving]] violators. In many municipalities, an officer monitors the cameras in a live command center and records all violations, including texting at a red light.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nypost.com/2016/09/02/cops-are-finding-sneaky-new-ways-to-catch-texting-drivers/|title=Cops are finding sneaky new ways to catch texting drivers|date=2 September 2016|website=nypost.com|access-date=23 March 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171103012247/http://nypost.com/2016/09/02/cops-are-finding-sneaky-new-ways-to-catch-texting-drivers/|archive-date=3 November 2017}}</ref>

===Speed limit enforcement===
{{Main|Speed limit enforcement}}
Speed enforcement cameras are used to monitor compliance with [[speed limits]], which may use [[Doppler radar]], [[LIDAR]], [[Computer stereo vision|stereo vision]] or [[automatic number-plate recognition]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cam2vision.com/technology-and-capability/comparison-of-speed-metering-technologies/|title=cam2vision - Technology and Capability - Tech Compare|website=cam2vision|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref> Other speed enforcement systems are also used which are not camera based.

Fixed or mobile speed camera systems that measure the time taken by a vehicle to travel between two or more fairly distant sites (from several hundred meters to several hundred kilometers apart) are called average speed cameras. These cameras time vehicles over a known fixed distance, and then calculate the vehicle's average speed for the journey.

===Stop sign enforcement===
{{See also|Stop sign}}
In 2007, the Mountains Recreation and Conservation Authority (MRCA), in California, installed the first stop sign cameras in the United States. The five cameras are located in state parks such as [[Franklin Canyon Park]] and Temescal Gateway Park. The operator, [[Redflex Holdings|Redflex Traffic Systems Inc.]], is paid $20 per ticket. The fine listed on the citation is $100.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-jul-12-me-cameras12-story.html | work=Los Angeles Times | first=Bob | last=Pool | date=2007-07-12 | title=Stop or they'll shoot! | url-status=live | archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20111024215441/http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jul/12/local/me-cameras12 | archive-date=2011-10-24 }}</ref> In 2010, a class action lawsuit was filed against MRCA.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.palisadespost.com/news/content.php?id%3D5646 |title=Lawsuit Filed over Stop-Sign Cameras |access-date=May 7, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318004650/http://www.palisadespost.com/news/content.php?id=5646 |archive-date=March 18, 2012 }}</ref>

===Noise pollution camera ("noise radar")===
Noise enforcement cameras are used to monitor and enforce compliance with local or national vehicle noise limits.

Noise cameras follow the same basic construction: a microphone linked to an ANPR video camera, mounted at a fixed location or on a mobile tripod. The ANPR camera is triggered when the microphone detects a passing vehicle emitting a sound signal above a pre-set decibel limit, capturing the vehicle registration and giving police or local government recourse to warn, fine, or prosecute the registered owner. These cameras have been designed to respond to mass complaints about vehicle noise (in 2020 New York City recorded over 99,000 noise complaints specifically related to vehicles).<ref>{{cite web|last=Cruz|first=David|date=2021-08-28|title=Manhattan Lawmaker Proposes Bill To Curb Loud Motor Vehicle Noise Using Surveillance Radar Technology|url=https://gothamist.com/|access-date=2021-12-02|website=Gothamist|language=en}}</ref>

Trials of noise cameras have been conducted in cities worldwide. In Taipei, fines range from US$65 to US$130, with additional fines for illegally modified exhausts of up to US$1000. The noise camera scheme won 90% voter approval; the national government then earmarked $4m to build a national network of noise cameras, including mobile cameras.<ref>{{cite web|date=2021-10-22|title='Noise camera' finds favor with public: officials - Taipei Times|url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2021/10/22/2003766564|access-date=2021-12-02|website=www.taipeitimes.com}}</ref>

In 2020 the [[Department for Transport|UK Department for Transport]] published a feasibility study commissioned from a joint venture between engineering consultancies Atkins and Jacobs.<ref>{{cite web|title=Roadside Vehicle Noise Measurement|url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1007868/roadside-vehicle-noise-measurement-phase-2-final-report.pdf}}</ref> The Atkins/Jacobs noise camera setup was unable to consistently derive sound readings from cars travelling less than ten seconds apart from other vehicles. This camera was a trial unit that hasn't since been deployed. Similar results were found in a trial in [[Edmonton, Canada]] undertaken in 2018. Local government cited technical shortcomings with the trial setup to explain spending $192,000 on noise cameras that recouped $98,000 in fines.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rosove|first=Jay|date=2021-02-12|title=Edmonton's latest vehicle noise reduction pilot came with challenges: city report|url=https://edmonton.ctvnews.ca/edmonton-s-latest-vehicle-noise-reduction-pilot-came-with-challenges-city-report-1.5307731|access-date=2021-12-02|website=Edmonton|language=en}}</ref>

===Number-plate recognition systems===
{{Main|Automatic number-plate recognition}}
[[Automatic number-plate recognition]] can be used for purposes unrelated to enforcement of traffic rules.<ref name="misuse">{{cite web|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/11/15/vehicle_movement_database/|title=Gatso 2: rollout of UK's '24x7 vehicle movement database' begins|website=The Register|date=2005-09-15|access-date=2008-10-14|author=John Lettice|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009022454/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/11/15/vehicle_movement_database/|archive-date=2008-10-09}}</ref>

The world's first all-weather, 24-hour, automatic number plate recognition system SAFE-T-CAM was developed in Australia for the Roads and Traffic Authority (RTA) by Telstra as the prime contractor and ICONIX and CSIRO as sub-contractors in 1991. In [[Australia]]'s SAFE-T-CAM system, ANPR technology is used to monitor long-distance [[truck]] drivers to detect avoidance of legally prescribed driver rest periods.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rta.nsw.gov.au/heavyvehicles/safety/speeding/safetcam/index.html|title=Safe-T-Cam|publisher=[[Roads & Traffic Authority]]|access-date=2008-05-31|date=May 29, 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080414164209/http://www.rta.nsw.gov.au/heavyvehicles/safety/speeding/safetcam/index.html|archive-date=April 14, 2008}}</ref>

The [[Automatic number-plate recognition in the United Kingdom|United Kingdom's police ANPR system]] logs all the vehicles passing particular points in the national road network, allowing authorities to track the movement of vehicles and individuals across the country.<ref name="Project Laser">{{cite web
 |publisher   = [[Association of Chief Police Officers]]
 |date        = 2005-03-22
 |url         = http://www.acpo.police.uk/asp/news/PRDisplay.asp?PR_GUID={D62EF0B0-2549-43F2-A05F-B6A841B32682}
 |title       = Launch of Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) Strategy for the Police Service – 2005/2008
 |access-date  = 2007-09-12
 |url-status     = live
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20070701083038/http://www.acpo.police.uk/asp/news/PRDisplay.asp?PR_GUID=%7BD62EF0B0-2549-43F2-A05F-B6A841B32682%7D
 |archive-date = 2007-07-01
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|website=The Register|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/09/15/anpr_five_years/|title=Vehicle spy-cam data to be held for five years|author=Chris Williams|date=2008-09-15|access-date=2008-10-15|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081018214239/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/09/15/anpr_five_years/|archive-date=2008-10-18}}</ref>

In the UK, 80-year-old pensioner John Catt and his daughter Linda were stopped by [[City of London Police]] while driving in [[London]] in 2005. They had their vehicle searched under section 44 of the [[Terrorism Act 2000]] and were threatened with arrest if they refused to answer questions. After they complained formally, it was discovered they were stopped when their car was picked up by the roadside [[Automatic number-plate recognition in the United Kingdom|ANPR CCTV cameras]]; it had been flagged in the [[Police National Computer]] database when they were seen near [[Criticism of EDO Corporation#Protest in the UK|EDO MBM demonstrations]] in [[Brighton]]. Critics {{who|date=February 2014}} say that the Catts had been suspected of no crime, however, the police ANPR system led to them being [[Association fallacy|targeted due to their association]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.schnews.org.uk/archive/news625.htm|title=SchNEWS 625 - Sussex Police try to close down Smash EDO film, Big Brother Britain, Depleted Uranium raid, and more...|website=Schnews.org.uk|access-date=2016-06-30|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415114426/http://www.schnews.org.uk/archive/news625.htm|archive-date=2016-04-15}}</ref>

===Multipurpose camera===
In 2011, a multipurpose smart enforcement camera was tested in Finland.
This camera can check driving speeds, the driver wearing a seatbelt, the distance between cars, insurance, and tax payments.<ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/transport/road_safety/sites/roadsafety/files/pdf/ersosynthesis2018-speedenforcement.pdf |title=Speed Enforcement 2018 |access-date=2019-07-05 |archive-date=2019-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705221300/https://ec.europa.eu/transport/road_safety/sites/roadsafety/files/pdf/ersosynthesis2018-speedenforcement.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Other multipurpose cameras can check vehicles passing over the railway crossing.<ref name="ec.europa.eu" />

In 2016, the [[Metropolitan Manila Development Authority]] (MMDA) implemented the [[No Contact Apprehension Policy]] in apprehending traffic violations such as disregarding traffic control signs and other violations via their [[closed-circuit television camera]] or other digital camera and/or other technologies.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://canadianinquirer.net/v1/2016/03/27/mmda-set-reimplement-no-contact-policy-apprehension-drivers-april-15/ | title=MMDA set to reimplement the 'no-contact' policy in apprehension of drivers on April 15 |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=canadianinquirer.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MMDA's no-contact traffic apprehension starts April 15 {{!}} GOVPH |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2016/04/14/no-contact-traffic-apprehension-begins/ |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines |language=en-US}}</ref> It was later adapted by other [[Metro Manila]] local government units such as [[Manila]],<ref>{{Cite web  |title=Manila starts 'no contact apprehension' of traffic violators |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/metro/767050/manila-starts-no-contact-apprehension-of-traffic-violators/story/ |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=GMA News Online |date=7 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref> [[Parañaque]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mocon-Ciriaco |first=Claudeth |date=2018-02-14 |title=Parañaque starts contactless traffic apprehension scheme {{!}} Claudeth Mocon-Ciriaco |url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2018/02/14/paranaque-starts-contactless-traffic-apprehension-scheme/ |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=BusinessMirror |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Quezon City]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=QC starts full implementation of NCAP |url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/07/02/qc-starts-full-implementation-of-ncap/ |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=Manila Bulletin |date=2 July 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Valenzuela, Metro Manila|Valenzuela]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Valenzuela |first=Nikka G. |date=2019-07-25 |title=Valenzuela to enforce no-contact apprehension on busy streets |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1146036/valenzuela-to-enforce-no-contact-apprehension-on-busy-streets |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> [[San Juan, Metro Manila|San Juan]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Servallos |first=Neil Jayson |title=San Juan to enforce no-contact apprehension scheme in August |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2022/07/22/2197136/san-juan-enforce-no-contact-apprehension-scheme-august |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=Philstar.com}}</ref> [[Muntinlupa]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muntinlupa {{!}} No Contact Apprehension |url=https://nocontact.muntinlupacity.net/ |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=nocontact.muntinlupacity.net}}</ref> and [[Marikina]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=CTMDO - Violations Checker |url=http://loop.marikina.gov.ph/ctmdo/index.asp |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=loop.marikina.gov.ph}}</ref> and also in provinces LGUs like [[Cauayan, Isabela|Cauayan]] in [[Isabela (province)|Isabela]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cauayan City {{!}} No Contact Apprehension |url=https://nocontact.cauayancity.net/program |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=nocontact.cauayancity.net}}</ref> and the whole province of [[Bataan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bataan {{!}} No Contact Apprehension |url=https://nocap.bataanprovince.net/ |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=nocap.bataanprovince.net}}</ref>

===Other===
* [[Congestion pricing|Congestion charge]] cameras to detect vehicles inside the chargeable area which have not paid the appropriate fee
* [[High-occupancy vehicle lane]] cameras to identify vehicles violating occupancy requirements.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.photocop.com/hov.htm |title=HOV |access-date=October 10, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007005024/http://www.photocop.com/hov.htm |archive-date=October 7, 2007 }}</ref>
* [[Level crossing]] cameras to identifying vehicles crossing [[railways]] [[at-grade intersection|at grade]]
* [[Noise pollution]] cameras that record evidence of heavy vehicles that break noise regulations by using [[compression release engine brake]]s
* Parking cameras that issue citations to vehicles that are illegally parked or that were not moved from a street at posted times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/apr/02/street-sweeper-cameras-eye-illegal-parking/|title=Street-sweeper cameras eye illegal parking|work=The Washington Times|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105180302/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/apr/02/street-sweeper-cameras-eye-illegal-parking/|archive-date=2009-01-05}}</ref>
* [[Toll road|Toll]]-booth cameras to identify vehicles proceeding through a toll booth without paying the toll
* Turn cameras at intersections where specific turns are prohibited on red. This type of camera is mostly used in cities or heavily populated areas.
* Automatic number-plate recognition systems can be used for multiple purposes, including identifying untaxed and uninsured vehicles, stolen cars, and potentially [[mass surveillance]] of motorists.<ref name="misuse"/>
* Bus lane cameras that detect vehicles that should not be in the bus lane. These may be mounted on buses themselves as well as by the roadside.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tfl.gov.uk/modes/driving/red-routes/rules-of-red-routes/bus-lanes|title=Bus lanes|work=tfl.gov.uk|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317163849/https://www.tfl.gov.uk/modes/driving/red-routes/rules-of-red-routes/bus-lanes|archive-date=2015-03-17}}</ref>

Fixed camera systems can be housed in boxes, mounted on poles beside the road, or attached to [[Gantry (road sign)|gantries]] over the road, or to [[overpass]]es or [[bridge]]s. Cameras can be concealed, for example in garbage bins.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.controleradar.org/hidden-speed-camera.php|title=Hidden speed camera|website=English.controlRadar.org|access-date=2016-06-30|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715131927/http://english.controleradar.org/hidden-speed-camera.php|archive-date=2016-07-15}}</ref>

[[Mobile speed camera]]s may be hand-held, tripod-mounted, or vehicle-mounted. In vehicle-mounted systems, detection equipment and cameras can be mounted to the vehicle itself, or simply tripod-mounted inside the vehicle and deployed out a window or door. If the camera is fixed to the vehicle, the enforcement vehicle does not necessarily have to be stationary and can be moved either with or against the flow of traffic. In the latter case, depending on the direction of travel, the target vehicle's [[Relative velocity|relative speed]] is either added or subtracted from the enforcement vehicle's own speed to obtain its actual speed. The [[speedometer]] of the camera vehicle needs to be accurately [[calibrated]].

Some number-plate recognition systems can also be used from vehicles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sensordynamics.com.au/MobileANPRSolutions/tabid/56/Default.aspx|title=Vyper Mobile ANPR System|publisher=Sensordynamics.com.au|access-date=2008-05-31|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724012408/http://www.sensordynamics.com.au/MobileANPRSolutions/tabid/56/Default.aspx|archive-date=2008-07-24}}</ref>