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Transcriptome
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==Etymology and history== The word ''transcriptome'' is a [[portmanteau]] of the words ''transcript'' and ''genome''. It appeared along with other [[neologism]]s formed using the suffixes ''-ome'' and ''-omics'' to denote all studies conducted on a genome-wide scale in the fields of life sciences and technology. As such, transcriptome and transcriptomics were one of the first words to emerge along with genome and proteome.<ref name="etymology">{{cite journal|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444626516000040|title=Chapter 4 - Omics Tools for the Genome-Wide Analysis of Methylation and Histone Modifications|journal=Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry|doi=10.1016/B978-0-444-62651-6.00004-0|first1=Josep C.|last1=Jiménez-Chillarón|first2=Rubén|last2=Díaz|first3=Marta|last3=Ramón-Krauel|volume=64|year=2014|pages=81–110|isbn=9780444626516|access-date=25 April 2020|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The first study to present a case of a collection of a [[cDNA]] library for [[Bombyx mori|silk moth]] mRNA was published in 1979.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Use of a cDNA library for studies on evolution and developmental expression of the chorion multigene families|journal=[[Cell (journal)|Cell]]|first1=Sim|last1=GK|first2=Kafatos|last2=FC|first3=Jones|last3=CW|first4=Koehler|last4=MD|first5=Efstratiadis|last5=A|first6=Maniatis|last6=T.|date=December 1979|volume=8|issue=4|pages=1303–16|pmid=519770|doi=10.1016/0092-8674(79)90241-1|doi-access=free}}</ref> The first seminal study to mention and investigate the transcriptome of an organism was published in 1997 and it described 60,633 transcripts expressed in ''[[S. cerevisiae]]'' using [[serial analysis of gene expression]] (SAGE).<ref>{{cite journal|title=Characterization of the Yeast Transcriptome|journal=Cell|first1=Victor|last1=E Velculescu|first2=Lin|last2=Zhang|first3=Wei|last3=Zhou|first4=Jacob|last4=Vogelstein|first5=Munira|last5=A Basrai|first6=Douglas|last6=E Bassett Jr.|first7=Phil|last7=Hieter|first8=Bert|last8=Vogelstein|first9=Kenneth|last9=W Kinzler|doi=10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81845-0|date=1997|issue=88|volume=2|pages=243–51|pmid = 9008165|s2cid=11430660|doi-access=free}}</ref> With the rise of high-throughput technologies and [[bioinformatics]] and the subsequent increased computational power, it became increasingly efficient and easy to characterize and analyze enormous amount of data.<ref name="etymology" /> Attempts to characterize the transcriptome became more prominent with the advent of automated DNA sequencing during the 1980s.<ref name="pertea" /> During the 1990s, [[expressed sequence tag]] sequencing was used to identify genes and their fragments.<ref name="microarrays">{{cite journal|title=Microarray and its applications|first1=Rajeshwar|last1=Govindarajan|first2=Jeyapradha|last2=Duraiyan|first3=Karunakaran|last3=Kaliyappan|first4=Murugesan|last4=Palanisamy|journal=[[Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences]]|year=2012|volume=4|issue = 6|pages = S310-2|doi=10.4103/0975-7406.100283|pmid=23066278|pmc = 3467903 |doi-access=free }}</ref> This was followed by techniques such as serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE), [[cap analysis of gene expression]] (CAGE), and [[massively parallel signature sequencing]] (MPSS).
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