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Transmigration program
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==History== ===Under the Dutch=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Javaanse koelies keren na werkzaamheden op Sumatra verricht te hebben terug naar Java TMnr 10001443.jpg|thumb|Javanese contract workers in plantation in Sumatra during [[Dutch East Indies|colonial period]], cirica 1925.]] The policy was first initiated by the [[Dutch East Indies|Dutch colonial government]] in the early nineteenth century to reduce crowding and to provide a workforce for plantations on [[Sumatra]]. The program diminished during the last years of the Dutch era (the early 1940s) but was revived following Indonesian independence, in an attempt to alleviate the food shortages and weak economic performance during [[Sukarno]]'s presidency in the two decades following World War II. In the peak year of 1929, in the Sumatra's east coast, more than 260,000 contract workers were brought, 235,000 of them from Java. Workers entered into a contract several years long as coolie; if a worker asked for the early termination of the contract in the company ('desertion'), he could be punished with [[hard labour]]. The mortality rate was very high among the coolies and abuse was common.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} ===Post-independence=== [[File:Impact of Javanese expansion on Dani tribe in Irian Jaya ABC 1995.webm|thumbnail|1995 [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] news report on the impact of transmigration on the [[Dani people]] in Papua.]] After independence in 1949, under [[President of Indonesia|President]] [[Sukarno]], the program continued and was expanded to send migrants to more areas of the archipelago such as [[Papua (province)|Papua]]. At its peak between 1979 and 1984, 535,000 families (almost 2.5 million people) moved under the program. It had a significant impact on the demographics of some regions; for example, in 1981, 60% of the three million people in the southern Sumatra province of [[Lampung]] were transmigrants. During the 1980s, the program was funded by the [[World Bank]] and [[Asian Development Bank]] as well as by many [[Western world|Western]] governments who appreciated Suharto's [[Anti-communism|anti-communist]] politics.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Imperial Nature: The World Bank and Struggles for Social Justice in the Age of Globalization |first=Michael |last=Goldman|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|year=2006|page=299}}</ref> However, as a result of the [[1979 energy crisis]] and increased transportation costs, the budget and plans for transmigration were severely reduced.<ref name="Anata">{{Cite book|title=The Indonesian Crisis: A Human Development Perspective|first=Aris|last=Anata|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year=2003|pages=229β230}}</ref> In August 2000, after the [[1997 Asian financial crisis]] and the [[Fall of Suharto|fall of the New Order]], the Indonesian government again reduced the scale of the transmigration program due to a lack of funds. Under the restructured Department of Manpower and Transmigration (Indonesian: ''Departemen Tenaga Kerja dan Transmigrasi'') the Indonesian government maintains the transmigration program, although on a far smaller scale than in previous decades. The department assists in annually relocating approximately 15,000 families, or nearly 60,000 people. The rate has shown gradual increases in recent years with funding for transmigration activities at $270 million (2.3 trillion [[Indonesian rupiah|IDR]]) and a target of relocating 20,500 families in 2006.<ref>{{cite web | last =Almubarok I | first =Zaky | title =Ditargetkan Transmigrasi 20.500 Keluarga (Target of 25,000 Families set for Transmigration) | work =Berita Ketransmigration (Transmigration News) | publisher =Departeman Tenaga Kerja dan Transmigrasi (Department of Manpower and Transmigration) | date =16 May 2006 | url =http://www.nakertrans.go.id/statistik_trans/KLIPING/Mei%20%2706/Kliping_Mei16a.php | language =id | url-status =dead | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070927105018/http://www.nakertrans.go.id/statistik_trans/KLIPING/Mei%20'06/Kliping_Mei16a.php | archive-date =27 September 2007 }}</ref> The program again intensified in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indonesia's transmigration program moves more people outside Java, but they remain poor|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/12/25/indonesias-transmigration-program-moves-more-people-outside-java-but-they-remain-poor.html|author=The Jakarta Post|website=The Jakarta Post|language=en|access-date=19 May 2020}}.</ref>
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