Editing Trill consonant (section)

== Phonemic trills ==
Trill consonants included in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]]:
* {{IPA|[r]}} – [[Voiced alveolar trill]]
* {{IPA|[r̥]}} – [[Voiceless alveolar trill]]
* {{IPA|[ʙ]}} – [[Voiced bilabial trill]]
* {{IPA|[ʙ̥]}} – [[Voiceless bilabial trill]] 
* {{IPA|[ɽ͡r]}} – [[Voiced retroflex trill]] 
* {{IPA|[ʀ]}} – [[Voiced uvular trill]]
* {{IPA|[ʀ̥]}} – [[Voiceless uvular trill]]
* {{IPA|[ʢ]}} – [[Voiced epiglottal trill]]
* {{IPA|[ʜ]}} – [[Voiceless epiglottal trill]]

In addition,
* {{IPA|[𝼀]}} – [[Velopharyngeal trill]]; the [[velopharyngeal fricative]] {{IPA|[ʩ]}} found in disordered speech sometimes involves trilling of the velopharyngeal port, producing a 'snort'.

The bilabial trill is uncommon. The coronal trill is most frequently [[alveolar consonant|alveolar]] {{IPA|[r͇]}}, but [[dental consonant|dental]] and [[postalveolar consonant|postalveolar]] articulations {{IPA|[r̪]}} and {{IPA|[r̠]}} also occur. An alleged [[retroflex trill]] found in [[Toda language|Toda]] has been transcribed {{IPA|[ɽ]}} (that is, the same as the [[retroflex flap]]), but might be less ambiguously written {{IPA|[ɽr]}}, as only the onset is retroflex, with the actual trill being alveolar. The epiglottal trills are identified by the IPA as fricatives, with the trilling assumed to be [[allophone|allophonic]]. However, analyzing the sounds as trills may be more economical.{{sfnp|Esling|2010|p=695}} There are also so-called [[strident vowel]]s which are accompanied by epiglottal trill.

The cells in the IPA chart for the [[velar consonant|velar]],{{why|date=August 2022}} [[pharyngeal consonant|(upper) pharyngeal]], and [[glottal consonant|glottal]] places of articulation are shaded as impossible. The glottis quite readily vibrates, but this occurs as the [[phonation]] of vowels and consonants, not as a consonant of its own. Dorso-palatal and velar vibratory motions of the tongue are occasionally produced, especially during the release of dorsal stops,{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=230}} and ''ingressive'' [[#Velar trill|velar trills]] occur in snoring, but not in normal speech. The upper pharyngeal tract cannot reliably produce a trill, but the epiglottis does, and epiglottal trills are pharyngeal in the broad sense.{{sfnp|Esling|2010|p=688}} A partially devoiced uvular or pre-uvular (i.e. between velar and uvular) trill {{IPA|[ʀ̝̊]}} with some frication occurs as a [[Syllable#Coda|coda]] allophone of {{IPA|/ʀ/}} in the [[Limburgish language|Limburgish]] dialects of [[Maastricht]] and [[Weert]].{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|p=156}}{{sfnp|Heijmans|Gussenhoven|1998|p=108}}

Voiceless trills occur phonemically in e.g. [[Welsh language|Welsh]] and [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]. (See also [[voiceless alveolar trill]], [[voiceless retroflex trill]], [[voiceless uvular trill]].) Mangbetu and [[Ninde language|Ninde]] have phonemically voiceless bilabial trills.

The [[Czech language]] has two contrastive alveolar trills, one a fricative trill (written ''ř'' in the orthography). In the fricative trill the tongue is raised, so that there is audible [[fricative consonant|frication]] during the trill, sounding a little like a simultaneous {{IPA|[r]}} and {{IPA|[ʐ]}} (or {{IPA|[r̥]}} and {{IPA|[ʂ]}} when devoiced). A symbol for this sound, {{IPA|[ɼ]}}, has been dropped from the IPA, and it is now generally transcribed as a raised ''r'', {{IPA|[r̝]}}.

[[Yi language|Liangshan Yi]] ("Cool Mountain" Yi) has two "buzzed" or fricative vowels {{IPA|/u̝/, /i̝/}} (written ''ṳ, i̤'') which may also be trilled, {{IPA|[ʙ̝], [r̝]}}.

A number of languages have [[trilled affricate]]s such as {{IPA|[mbʙ]}} and {{IPA|[dʳ]}}. The [[Chapacura-Wanham languages|Chapakuran]] language [[Wariʼ language|Wariʼ]] and the [[Muran languages|Muran]] language [[Pirahã language|Pirahã]] have a very unusual trilled phoneme, a [[voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop]], {{IPA|[t̪͡ʙ̥]}}.

A nasal trill {{IPA|[r̃]}} has been described from some dialects of Romanian, and is posited as an intermediate historical step in [[Rhotacism (sound change)|rhotacism]]. However, the phonetic variation of the sound is considerable, and it is not clear how frequently it is actually trilled.{{sfnp|Sampson|1999|pp=312–3}} Some languages contrast /r, r̃/ like [[Toro-tegu Dogon]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Grammar of Toro Tegu (Dogon), Tabi mountain dialect|last=Heath|first=Jeffrey|year=2014|url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/123064/A?sequence=4}}</ref> and [[Inor_language|Inor]].