Editing Trincomalee (section)

==Names and etymology==
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| image1    = Ruscelli-map-1562 Tamil vanni country.jpg
| alt1      = 1562 Ruscelli map after Ptolemy
| caption1  = [[Ptolemy]]'s map of [[Taprobana]] of 140 CE in a 1562 Ruscelli publication. From the Shiva footprint of ''Ulipada'' of ''Malea'' mountains ([[Sivanolipatha Malai|Sivan Oli Pada Malai]]) rises three rivers, including the Mavillie-Gangai (''Mahavali-Ganges'') whose tributary [[Verugal Aru|Barraces]] river's estuary into the Indian Ocean is just south of ''Bocana'' (Ko-Kannam bay) where the temple is illustrated. Just above, both cartographers mention ''Abaratha Ratchagar'', another name of Lord Shiva&nbsp;– a temple with this name is also found in Aduthurai, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, near the early Chola capital.

| image2    = Map1502cantino-eelam.jpg
| alt2      = 1502 Cantino map
| caption2  = [[Cantino]] map of 1502, showing three Tamil towns on east coast, Mullaitivu, Trincomalee (''Traganamalee'') and Pannoam.
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===Trincomalee===
The city has developed from a village settlement on the promontory dedicated to the [[Koneswaram temple|Hindu shrine]]. The origin of the term ''Ko'', ''Kone'' and ''Konatha'' lies in the [[Old Tamil]] word for the terms "Lord", "King" or "Chief", which allude to the deity that presides here; this term appears in several [[Tamil Brahmi]] inscriptions of the 6th century BCE&nbsp;— 2nd century CE. Trincomalee, the coastal peninsula town where Koneswaram is located is an anglicized form of the old Tamil word "Thiru-kona-malai" ({{langx|ta|திருக்கோணமலை}}), meaning "Lord of the Sacred Hill", its earliest reference in this form found in the ''[[Tevaram]]'' of the 7th century by [[Sambandhar]]. ''Thiru'' is a generally used epithet denoting a "sacred" temple site while ''Malai'' means mountain or hill; [[Middle Tamil]] manuscripts and inscriptions mention the monumental compound shrine as the ''Thirukonamalai Konesar Kovil''.<ref name="reluctant">{{cite journal |last1= E Greig|first1=Doreen|year=1987 |title=The reluctant colonists: Netherlanders abroad in the 17th and 18th centuries |location= U.S.A. |publisher=Assen, The Netherlands; Wolfeboro, N.H., U.S.A. |oclc=14069213|pages=227  }}</ref><ref name="CSHindu">{{cite book|last1=Sivaratnam |first1=C|year=1964 |title=An outline of the cultural history and principles of Hinduism |publisher= Stangard Printers|location=Colombo|edition=1|oclc=12240260|quote=Koneswaram temple. Tiru-Kona-malai, sacred mountain of Kona or Koneser, Iswara or Siva. The date of building the original temple is given as 1580, BCE. according to a Tamil poem by Kavi Raja Virothayan translated into English in 1831 by Simon Cassie Chitty... }}</ref><ref name="namehist4">{{cite book |author1=Herbert Keuneman |author2=John Gottberg |author3=Ravindralal Anthonis |author4=Hans Hoefer |year=1985 |title=Sri Lanka|publisher=Hong Kong : Apa Productions (HK); [Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Distributed by] Prentice Hall, 1985|location=Hong Kong|edition=3 |pages=214  |isbn= 978-0-13-839944-3|oclc= 13501485}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Indrapala | first = Karthigesu | title = The evolution of an ethnic identity: The Tamils in Sri Lanka C. 300 BCE to C. 1200 CE| publisher = Vijitha Yapa | year = 2007 | page=324|location = Colombo | isbn = 978-955-1266-72-1}}</ref> ''Kona'' ({{langx|ta|கோண}}) has other meanings in Old Tamil such as ''peak'', while another origin for the term ''Koneswaram'' could come from the Tamil term ''Kuna'' (East). Therefore, other translators suggest definitions of Trincomalee such as "sacred angular/peaked hill", "sacred eastern hill" or "three peaked hill".<ref name="HLtoSL">{{cite book |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Nirmala |year=2004 |title=The Hindu legacy to Sri Lanka|publisher=Stamford Lake (Pvt.) Ltd. 2004 |location=Pannapitiya |oclc=230674424 |isbn=978-955-8733-97-4 <!--|ISBN=955-8733-97-0 -->}}</ref><ref name="namehist">{{cite book |last1=Taylor |first1=Isaac|year=1843 |title= Names and Their Histories: A Handbook of Historical Geography and Topographical Nomenclature |publisher=BiblioBazaar, LLC|location=London|pages=308  |isbn=0-559-29668-1}}</ref><ref name="namehist2">{{cite book |last1=Room |first1=Adrian|year=2006 |title= Placenames of the world : origins and meanings of the names for 6,600 countries, cities, territories, natural features, and historic sites|publisher=Jefferson, N.C.; London : McFarland & Co., cop. 2006.|location=London|edition=2 |pages=382  |isbn=978-0-7864-2248-7|oclc= 439732470}}</ref> The temple was constructed atop Swami Rock, also called Swami Malai or Kona-ma-malai, a cliff on the peninsula that drops 400 feet (120 metres) directly into the sea.<ref name="reluctant"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Tirukōṇa-malai (Trincomalee), Kīri-malai, Kutirai-malai |url=https://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?artid=22619&catid=98|publisher=TamilNet |date=July 1, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Aayiththiyamalai|url=https://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?artid=32858&catid=98|publisher=TamilNet |date=October 24, 2010}}</ref>

===Gokarna Bay, Trincomalee===
The [[Trincomalee Harbour]], a circular natural harbour which the temple crowns towards the north, is referred to as ''Ko-Kannam'' or "Lord's Cheek", alluding to the cheek shape of Shiva's bull [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]]. The [[Sanskrit]] equivalent of the port town's harbour bay is ''Go-Karna'', meaning "Cow's Ear" or ''Gokarna Pattana'' and the deity's name ''Gokarneswara'' or ''Go—Natha'' in Sanskrit. [[S. Pathmanathan|Pathmanathan]] offers the etymological link ''Thiru-Gokarna-Malai'' or ''Thiru-Gona-Malai'' based on this connection.<ref name="S. Pathmanathan 1978. pages 135-144">S. Pathmanathan, The Kingdom of Jaffna, Colombo, 1978. pages 135–144</ref> 

The ethnographer [[Megasthenes]] writing in his ''Indica'' from 350&nbsp;— 290 BCE, describes the island as being divided by a long river, productive of a large number of gold and pearls in one half and that the inhabitants of this country are called ''Paleogoni'', meaning ''Old Goni'' in Tamil and [[Greek language|Greek]], who [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] adds worshipped [[Hercules]] and [[Dionysus]] (Bacchus) like the Pandyans of Tamilakam. The ''[[Vayu Purana]]'', written in 300 CE specifically mentions the tallest mountain peak of the great gold and silver rich mountain range ''Malaya'' on the island, and that "to the east of this island at the shore of the sea lies a great Siva temple in a holy place called ''Gokarna''."<ref name="ReferenceA">H.N. Apte, Vayupurana, Chapter 48 verses 20–30, Poona, 1929</ref> The bay is also referred to as ''Gokaranna'' according to a Sanskrit inscription in Grantha script excavated on a doorjamb at the Hindu temple dated to [[Puthandu|Tamil New Years Day]] 1223 CE.<ref name="History of Ceylon">{{cite book
  | last1 = de Silva  | first1 = K. M.  |last2=Ray|first2=C.M.| title = History of Ceylon  | publisher = Ceylon University Press  |year=1959–1973  | location = [[Colombo]]
  | oclc = 952216 | page = 112|quote=The inscription, found in the Hindu temple premises dates the landing of ''Chodaganga Deva'' at ''Gokaranna'' to Friday 14th April, 1223 CE (recorded as [[Saka]] Era Year 1145), and details donations this royal made to Konamamalai temple}}</ref> ''Gokarna'' is also a place name [[Gokarna, India|in Karnataka, India]], [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]], [[Kokarneswarar Temple, Thirukokarnam|Tamil Nadu]] and [[Gokarna, Nepal|Nepal]] all associated with ancient Shiva temples. The associated [[Pathirakali Amman Temple|Bhadrakali Amman Temple of Trincomalee]], significantly expanded by [[Rajendra Chola I]], stands on Konesar Road before the entrance to Swami Rock.<ref>An inscription of the Cola king, Rajendra I (1012–1044 AD) was found recently at the goddess Kali's Temple in Trincomalee, detailing his expansion of the shrine. Indrapala, Karthigesu (2007). The evolution of an ethnic identity: The Tamils in Sri Lanka C. 300 BCE to C. 1200 CE. Colombo: Vijitha Yapa. {{ISBN|978-955-1266-72-1}}.</ref>

===Kailaas of the South===
Heralded as "Dakshina Kailasam"/"Then Kailasam" (Kailaas of the South) because it lies on exactly the same longitude as the [[Tibet]]an mountain [[Mount Kailash]] (the primary abode of Shiva), Trincomalee's traditional history and legends were compiled into the Sanskrit treatises ''Dakshina Kailasa Puranam&nbsp;—  Sthala Puranam of Koneswaram'', written in 1380 by [[Jeyaveera Cinkaiariyan]], and the ''Dakshina Kailasa Manmiam''&nbsp;—  three chapters of the ''[[Skanda Puranam]]'' of unknown antiquity&nbsp;—  manuscripts of which have been discovered and dated from the 5th&nbsp;— 7th century.<ref name="aht">{{cite journal |last1=Arumugam|first1=S |year=1980 |title=Some ancient Hindu temples of Sri Lanka  |publisher=[[University of California]] |edition=2 |pages=37  |oclc=8305376}}</ref><ref name="S. Vithiananthan 1980 pp. 170">S. Vithiananthan (1980). ''Nān̲kāvatu An̲aittulakat Tamil̲ārāycci Makānāṭṭu nikal̲ccikaḷ, Yāl̲ppāṇam, Can̲avari, 1974, Volume 2''. pp. 170</ref> It was in the ''[[Puranas]]'' that the shrine first found reference as ''Koneiswara Parwatia'', motivating Kullakottan Chola who learnt of its sanctity to sail to Trincomalee and develop the three Hindu temples of the Koneswaram compound.<ref name="pridham">{{cite book | last = Pridham| first = Charles | title = An historical, political, and statistical account of Ceylon and its dependencies| url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.501507|chapter=Trincomalee&nbsp;– Its Early History| publisher = T. and W. Boone | year = 1849 | location = London | oclc=2556531 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.501507/page/n66 544]–546|quote=The Malabars call it Tirukonathamalei, or "the mountain of the sacred Konatha," from the Hindoo god of that name, who had formerly a temple on the summit of one of the hills there, which was celebrated over the whole of India...}}</ref><ref name="jetceylon">{{cite book | last = Tennent| first = James Emerson | title = Ceylon; an account of the island physical, historical and topographical, with notices of its natural history, antiquities, and productions|chapter=The Northern Forests| publisher = Longman, Green; Longman, Roberts | year = 1859 | location = London | oclc=2975965 |page=484|quote=The districts at the southern extremity of Batticaloa, ''Pannoa'' and ''Pannaham'' are so called from the two Tamil words ''palen-nagai'', the smiling babe.}}</ref><ref name="shoh">{{cite book | last = Navaratnam | first = C.S. | title = A Short History of Hinduism in Ceylon| year = 1964 | location = Jaffna | oclc =6832704|pages=43–47}}</ref> The compiler of the [[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali|Yoga Sutras]], [[Patanjali|Patañjali]]'s place of birth at the temple corroborates [[Tirumular]]'s ''[[Tirumandhiram]]'', which describes him as hailing from ''Then Kailasam'' and his self description as a "Gonardiya" from ''Gonarda'', "a country in the southern and eastern division" of the Indian continent.<ref>Romesh Chunder Dutt (2001). A History of Civilisation in Ancient India: Based on Sanscrit ..., Volume 1. pp.285</ref><ref>Ajay Mitra Shastri (1969). ''India as seen in the Bṛhatsaṁhitā of Varāhamihira'', pp.109. "Gonarda could be a rendering of Ko-Natha, Go-Natha, or Go-Nadu. Gonarda" (IX.13; XXXII.22), a locality in the southern division (XIV. 12) as mentioned in the Brihat-Samhita of [[Varāhamihira]]. The [[Markandeya Purana]] (LVIII.20-9) also mentions Gonarda among the countries of southern India.</ref> Both men were ardent disciples of Nandi.<ref>Manohar Laxman Varadpande (1987). History of Indian Theatre, Volume 1, pp. 80–81</ref> The ''Konesar Kalvettu'' uses the term ''Tiri Kayilai'', meaning "three Kailasams", ''Tiri Kutam'' and ''Tiri Konam'' for Trincomalee, in a number of places, referring to the three pagodas on the promontory of Trincomalee.<ref name="perspectives">{{cite book|first1=Leelananda|last1= Prematilleka|first2= Sudharshan|last2= Seneviratne|year=1990|title= Perspectives in archaeology : Leelananda Prematilleke festschrift.| pages=99|quote= Queyroz compares Konesvaram to the famous Hindu temples in Rameswaram, [[Ekambareswarar Temple (Kanchipuram)|Kanchipuram]], [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple|Tirupatti]], Tirumalai, Jagannath and Vaijayanthi and concludes that while these latter temples were well visited by the Hindus, the former had surpassed all the latter temples.}}</ref>

As per another legend, Vayu Bhaghvan and Adiseshan had a dispute to find out who is superior, to prove the superiority adiseshan encircled the Kailasam, Vayu tried to remove this encircle by creating santamarutham (Twister). Due to the santamarutham, eight (8) kodumudigal (parts) fell from kailasam into 8 different places: are Thirugonamalai (Trincomalee), [[Srikalahasteeswara temple|Thirukalahasti]], [[Tiruchirappalli|Thiruchiramalai]], [[Thiruengoimalai Maragadachaleswarar Temple|Thiruenkoimalai]], [[Velliangiri Mountains|Rajathagiri]], [[Narthamalai|Neerthagiri]], [[Kulithalai|Ratnagiri]], and Suwethagiri [[Neelivaneswarar Temple|Thirupangeeli]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gneelivaneshwarartemple.tnhrce.in/History.html |title=Arulmigu Gneelivaneswarar Temple |access-date=6 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705225129/http://www.gneelivaneshwarartemple.tnhrce.in/History.html |archive-date=5 July 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>