Editing Triphyophyllum (section)

==Description==
[[File:Triphyophyllum peltatum 8 (Dioncophyllaceae) © W. Barthlott.jpg|thumb|Flower, Fruit and ripe seed of the adult plant]]
[[File:Triphyophyllum peltatum 13 (Dioncophyllaceae) © W. Barthlott.jpg|thumb|Juvenile non climbing insectivorous stage of ''Triphyophyllum'' with entire leaves and a single glandular insectivorous leaf resembling those of ''[[Drosophyllum]]'']]
[[File:Triphyophyllum peltatum 2 beschnitten (Dioncophyllaceae) © W. Barthlott.jpg|thumb|Unfurling tip of a juvenile insectivorous leaf with stalked glands in the SEM]]
===Vegetative characteristics===
It is a facultatively carnivorous,<ref name = "Walker, 2023" /> heterophyllous,<ref name = "Green et al., 1979" /> up to 60 m tall vine<ref name = "Cross & Krueger, 2020" /> with glabrous, terete stems.<ref name = "Porembski & Barthlott, 2003" /> It has a three-stage lifecycle, each with a different shaped leaf, as indicated by its Greek name. In the first stage, ''T. peltatum'' forms a rosette of simple lanceolate [[Dracaena (plant)|Dracaena]]-like leaves about seven inches (18 cm) in length with undulate margins. At times when there is insufficient [[phosphorus]] in the soil<ref name=winkelmann>{{cite journal | last1=Winkelmann | first1=Traud | last2=Bringmann | first2=Gerhard | last3=Herwig | first3=Anne | last4=Hedrich | first4=Rainer | title=Carnivory on demand: phosphorus deficiency induces glandular leaves in the African liana ''Triphyophyllum peltatum'' | journal=New Phytologist | volume=239 | issue=3 | date=2023 | issn=0028-646X | doi=10.1111/nph.18960|doi-access=free| pages=1140–1152| pmid=37191044 |quote=confirmation of phosphorus starvation to be essential and sufficient}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| last=Simons | first=Paul | title=Plantwatch: why does a rainforest vine turn into a part-time carnivore? |newspaper=The Guardian | date=17 April 2024 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2024/apr/17/plantwatch-why-does-a-rainforest-vine-turn-into-a-part-time-carnivore}}</ref> it develops long, slender, glandular, [[circinate]] leaves up to fourteen inches (35 cm) in length and bearing two sorts of glands, and resembling those of the related ''[[Drosophyllum]]'', which capture insects; there being one to three of these leaves in each rosette.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.redfernnaturalhistory.com/stock/images/triphyophyllum-peltatum-15/ |title=''Triphyophyllum peltatum'' - Redfern Natural History |website=www.redfernnaturalhistory.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319022540/http://www.redfernnaturalhistory.com/stock/images/triphyophyllum-peltatum-15/ |archive-date=2017-03-19}}</ref>  In the plant's adult liana form it has short non-carnivorous leaves bearing a pair of "[[grappling hook]]s" <ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.carnivoria.eu/photogallery/photos/trip.jpg | title=Image of ''Triphyophyllum'' leaves | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216144030/http://www.carnivoria.eu/photogallery/photos/trip.jpg | archive-date=2018-02-16}}</ref> at their tips on a long twining stem which can become {{convert|165|ft|m|abbr=off|sp=us}} in length and {{convert|4|in|cm|spell=in}} thick.<ref>George Cheer, A GUIDE TO CARNIVOROUS PLANTS OF THE WORLD (Pymble, New South Wales, Aust.: Angus and Robertson, 1992) p. 122.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Slack | first= Adrian | date= 1980 | title= Carnivorous Plants | location= Cambridge, Massachusetts | publisher= Massachusetts Institute of Technology | page= 231-232 (Appendix 2) | ISBN= 9781899296132 }}</ref> ''T. peltatum'' is the largest of all confirmed [[Carnivorous plant|carnivorous plants]] in the world, but its carnivorous nature did not become known until 1979, some 51 years after the plant's discovery.<ref name = "Green et al., 1979">Green, S., Green, T. L., & Heslop-Harrison, Y. (1979). [https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article-abstract/78/2/99/2680576 Seasonal heterophylly and leaf gland features in ''Triphyophyllum'' (Dioncophyllaceae), a new carnivorous plant genus.] Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 78(2), 99-116.</ref>

===Generative characteristics===
The axillary,<ref name = "Slack, 2000" /><ref name = "Fibres, 2012" /> branched,<ref name = "GFFP" /> cymose, few-flowered<ref name = "Fibres, 2012" /> or many-flowered inflorescence bears up to 80 small, ephemeral,<ref name = "GFFP" /> fragrant,<ref name = "Slack, 2000" /> white to pink,<ref name = "GFFP">''Triphyophyllum'', das Hakenblatt. (n.d.). Gesellschaft Für Fleischfressende Pflanzen. Retrieved March 28, 2025, from https://www.carnivoren.org/karnivoren/gattungen/triphyophyllum/</ref> bisexual, actinomorphic, pedicellate flowers.<ref name = "Fibres, 2012" /> The pedicel is up to 3 cm long. The flower has 5 triangular, 2 mm long sepals, and 5 obovate, 13 mm long petals.<ref name = "Fibres, 2012" /> The androecium consists of 10 stamens.<ref name = "Fibres, 2012" /><ref name = "Porembski & Barthlott, 2003" /> The style is very short.<ref name = "Porembski & Barthlott, 2003">Porembski, S., Barthlott, W. (2003). [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-662-07255-4_19 Dioncophyllaceae.] In: Kubitzki, K., Bayer, C. (eds) Flowering Plants · Dicotyledons. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, vol 5. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. </ref> The up to 4 cm wide, 1-seeded,<ref name = "Fibres, 2012" /> 4–5-valved capsule fruit<ref name = "Porembski & Barthlott, 2003" /><ref name = "Fibres, 2012" /> bears discoid, papery,<ref name = "Fibres, 2012" /> flat, winged, circular, pink to red,<ref name = "Slack, 2000" /> 5–8<ref name = "Porembski & Barthlott, 2003" />(–10) cm wide seeds<ref name = "Schmid-Hollinger">Schmid-Hollinger, R. (n.d.). ''Triphyophyllum peltatum'' (“Hakenblatt”). Retrieved March 30, 2025, from https://www.bio-schmidhol.ch/de/Fleischfressende_Pflanzen/triphyophyllum</ref><ref name = "Slack, 2000">Slack, A. (2000). [https://www.google.de/books/edition/Carnivorous_Plants/ROS4xtUpMFwC?hl=de&gbpv=1&dq=Triphyophyllum&pg=PA231&printsec=frontcover Carnivorous Plants.] pp. 231–232. Vereinigtes Königreich: MIT Press.</ref> with an up to 5.5 cm long [[funiculus]] extending beyond the fruit.<ref name = "Fibres, 2012" /> Most of the seed's development occurs ''outside'' the fruit.<ref>John Hutchinson and J. M. Dalziel, "Tropical African Plants II" KEW BULLETIN (1928) pp. 31-32. (Under the name Dioncophyllum peltatum).</ref> The seeds are wind-dispersed.<ref name = "Porembski & Barthlott, 2003" /><ref name = "Stach & Timmann, 2006" />
===Cytology===
The chromosome count is 2n = 24,<ref name = "Porembski & Barthlott, 2003" /><ref name = "Fibres, 2012" /> 36.<ref name = "Fibres, 2012">[https://www.google.de/books/edition/Fibres/AspmAgAAQBAJ?hl=de&gbpv=1&dq=Triphyophyllum&pg=PA438&printsec=frontcover Fibres.] pp. 438–440. (2012). Niederlande: Prota Foundation.</ref>