Editing TrueType (section)

==History==

''TrueType'' was known during its development stage, first by the codename "Bass" and later on by the codename "Royal".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/truetype/history|title=A brief history of TrueType|last=Jacobs|first=Mike|date=2017-10-19|website=Microsoft|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525215601/https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/truetype/history|archive-date=2019-05-25|url-status=live|access-date=2019-05-25}}</ref> The system was developed and eventually released as TrueType with the launch of Mac [[System 7]] in May 1991. The initial TrueType outline fonts, four-weight families of ''[[Times Roman]]'', ''[[Helvetica]]'', ''[[Courier (typeface)|Courier]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.truetype-typography.com/tthist.htm|title=A History of TrueType|website=www.truetype-typography.com|access-date=2020-01-08}}</ref> and the pi font "Symbol" replicated the original PostScript fonts of the Apple LaserWriter. Apple also replaced some of their [[bitmap font]]s used by the graphical user-interface of previous Macintosh System versions (including Geneva, Monaco and New York) with scalable TrueType outline-fonts. For compatibility with older systems, Apple shipped these fonts, a TrueType [[Extension (Mac OS)|Extension]] and a TrueType-aware version of [[Typography of Apple Inc.|Font/DA Mover]] for [[System 6]]. For compatibility with the Laserwriter II, Apple developed fonts like ITC Bookman and ITC Chancery in TrueType format.

All of these fonts could now scale to all sizes on screen and printer, making the Macintosh System 7 the first OS to work without any bitmap fonts. The early TrueType systems&nbsp;— being still part of Apple's QuickDraw graphics subsystem&nbsp;— did not render Type 1 fonts on-screen as they do today. At the time, many users had already invested considerable money in Adobe's still proprietary Type 1 fonts. As part of Apple's tactic of opening the font format versus Adobe's desire to keep it closed to all but Adobe licensees, Apple licensed TrueType to [[Microsoft]]. When TrueType and the license to Microsoft was announced, [[John Warnock]], co-founder and then CEO of Adobe, gave an impassioned speech in which he claimed Apple and Microsoft were selling [[snake oil]], and then announced that the Type 1 format was open for anyone to use.

Meanwhile, in exchange for TrueType, Apple got a license for [[TrueImage]], a [[PostScript]]-compatible page-description language owned by Microsoft that Apple could use in [[laser printing]]. This was never actually included in any Apple products when a later deal was struck between Apple and Adobe, where Adobe promised to put a TrueType interpreter in their PostScript printer boards. Apple renewed its agreements with Adobe for the use of PostScript in its printers, resulting in lower royalty payments to Adobe, who was beginning to license printer controllers capable of competing directly with Apple's LaserWriter printers.

Part of [[Adobe Systems|Adobe]]'s response to learning that TrueType was being developed was to create the [[Adobe Type Manager]] software to scale Type 1 fonts for [[spatial anti-aliasing|anti-aliased]] output on-screen. Although ATM initially cost money, rather than coming free with the operating system, it became a ''de facto'' standard for anyone involved in [[desktop publishing]]. Anti-aliased rendering, combined with Adobe applications' ability to zoom in to read small type, and further combined with the now open PostScript Type 1 font format,  provided the impetus for an explosion in font design and in desktop publishing of newspapers and magazines.

Apple extended TrueType with the launch of [[QuickDraw GX#TrueType GX|TrueType GX]] in 1994, with additional tables in the [[SFNT|sfnt]] which formed part of [[QuickDraw GX]]. This offered powerful extensions in two main areas. First was font axes (today known as variations), for example allowing fonts to be smoothly adjusted from light to bold or from narrow to extended&nbsp;— competition for Adobe's "[[multiple master fonts|multiple master]]" technology. Second was Line Layout Manager, where particular sequences of characters can be coded to flip to different designs in certain circumstances, useful for example to offer [[Typographic ligature|ligatures]] for "fi", "ffi", "ct", etc. while maintaining the backing store of characters necessary for [[spell checker]]s and text searching. However, the lack of user-friendly tools for making TrueType GX fonts meant there were no more than a handful of GX fonts.

Much of the technology in TrueType GX, including variations and substitution, lives on as AAT ([[Apple Advanced Typography]]) in [[macOS]]. Few font-developers outside Apple attempt to make AAT fonts; instead, [[OpenType]] has become the dominant sfnt format, and all of the font variation technology is the de facto standard today in OpenType Variations.

===Adoption by Microsoft===
To ensure its wide adoption, Apple licensed TrueType to Microsoft for free.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gassée|first=Jean-Louis|title=The Adobe&nbsp;– Apple Flame War|url=http://www.mondaynote.com/2010/04/11/the-adobe-apple-flame-war/|date=11 April 2010|website=mondaynote.com|access-date=10 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111230022744/http://www.mondaynote.com/2010/04/11/the-adobe-apple-flame-war/ |archive-date=30 December 2011}}</ref> Microsoft added TrueType into the [[Windows 3.1]] operating environment. In partnership with their contractors, [[Monotype Imaging]], Microsoft put a lot of effort into creating a set of high quality TrueType fonts that were compatible with the core fonts being bundled with PostScript equipment at the time. This included the fonts that are standard with Windows to this day: [[Times New Roman]] (compatible with Times Roman), [[Arial]] (compatible with Helvetica) and [[Courier New]] (compatible with Courier). In this context, "compatible" means two things. On an aesthetic level, it means that the fonts are similar in appearance. On a functional level, it means that the fonts have the same character widths. This allows documents which have been [[typesetting|typeset]] in one font to be changed to the other, without [[Reflowable document|reflow]].

Microsoft and Monotype technicians used TrueType's [[Font hinting|hinting]] technology to ensure that these fonts did not suffer from the problem of illegibility at low resolutions, which had previously forced the use of bitmapped fonts for screen display. Subsequent advances in technology have introduced first anti-aliasing, which smooths the edges of fonts at the expense of a slight blurring, and more recently [[subpixel rendering]] (the Microsoft implementation goes by the name [[ClearType]]), which exploits the pixel structure of [[LCD]] based displays to increase the apparent resolution of text. Microsoft has heavily marketed ClearType, and sub-pixel rendering techniques for text are now widely used on all platforms.

Microsoft also developed a "[[smart font]]" technology, named ''TrueType Open'' in 1994, later renamed to [[OpenType]] in 1996 when it merged support of the [[Adobe Inc.|Adobe]] Type 1 glyph outlines. Opentype now contains all of the same functionality of Apple TrueType and Apple TrueType GX.