Editing Tubular bridge (section)

==Conwy and Britannia Bridges==
{{main|Conwy railway bridge|Britannia Bridge}}
[[File:Conway Bridge. Construction of second tube, September, 1848.jpeg|thumb|Conwy Bridge.Construction of second tube, September, 1848]]
The Conwy railway bridge carries the [[North Wales]] coast railway line across the River Conwy between [[Llandudno Junction]] and the town of [[Conwy]].<ref name="T&C, Dreicer" /> The wrought iron tubular bridge was built by Robert Stephenson to a design by William Fairbairn and is similar in construction to Stephenson's other famous tubular bridge, the Britannia Bridge across the [[Menai Strait]]. It was officially opened in 1849 but had been completed in 1848. Being the first tubular bridge to be built, the design needed much testing on [[prototype]]s to confirm that it would be capable of carrying heavy locomotives, the testing being performed by Fairbairn. The successful result enabled the much larger Britannia bridge to be built. The current Conwy bridge has been reinforced by extra columns under the bridge into the river but is otherwise virtually unchanged since it was built.

Before the Britannia Bridge was constructed, Fairbairn conducted "the most celebrated of all engineering experiments on the grand scale",<ref name="Smith, Fairbairn" >{{Cite book
  |title=William Fairbairn&ndash;Experimental Engineer
  |last=Smith  |first=A.I.
  |series=Engineering Heritage
  |volume=II
  |publisher=Institution of Mechanical Engineers
  |year=1966
  |pages=22–23
}}</ref> a series of experiments "of a gigantic character".<ref name="Smith, Fairbairn" /> One-sixth scale models, 78&nbsp;ft long, were built at Fairbairn's [[Millwall Iron Works]] and tested with increasing loads. By this means, although at an experimental cost of thousands of pounds, the design of the cellular girder was refined until it could carry loads of 2.4 times the original capacity.<ref name="Smith, Fairbairn" /> The most significant finding was that of a thin section's susceptibility to buckling under compression loads and the cellular girder's resistance to this. Stephenson would build around a thousand other bridges using this cellular structure.<ref name="Smith, Fairbairn" /> The most impressive test was performed on-site at Conwy. The 1300 ton tubular girder, deflecting 8 inches under its own weight, was loaded with a further 300 tons and the deflection measured. The effects of wind loading and asymmetric thermal expansion due to sunlight were also studied.<ref name="Smith, Fairbairn" />