Editing Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (section)

==Working==
A basic TDLAS setup consists of a tunable diode laser light source, transmitting (i.e. beam shaping) optics, optically accessible absorbing medium, receiving optics and detector/s. The emission wavelength of the tunable diode laser, viz. [[Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser|VCSEL]], [[Diode laser#Distributed feedback lasers|DFB]], etc., is tuned over the characteristic absorption lines of a species in the gas in the path of the laser beam. This causes a reduction of the measured signal intensity due to absorption, which can be detected by a [[photodiode]], and then used to determine the gas concentration and other properties as described later.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Nadir | first1=Zeeshan | last2=Brown | first2=Michael S. | last3=Comer | first3=Mary L. | last4=Bouman | first4=Charles A. | title=A Model-Based Iterative Reconstruction Approach to Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Tomography | journal=IEEE Transactions on Computational Imaging | publisher=Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) | volume=3 | issue=4 | year=2017 | issn=2333-9403 | doi=10.1109/tci.2017.2690143 | pages=876–890| s2cid=28611386 | url=https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_dissertations/2035 | url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Different diode lasers are used based on the application and the range over which tuning is to be performed. Typical examples are InGaAsP/InP (tunable over 900&nbsp;nm to 1.6&nbsp;μm), InGaAsP/InAsP (tunable over 1.6&nbsp;μm to 2.2&nbsp;μm), etc. These lasers can be tuned by either adjusting their temperature or by changing injection current density into the gain medium. While temperature changes allow tuning over 100&nbsp;cm<sup>−1</sup>, it is limited by slow tuning rates (a few hertz), due to the thermal inertia of the system. On the other hand, adjusting the injection current can provide tuning at rates as high as ~10&nbsp;GHz, but it is restricted to a smaller range (about 1 to 2&nbsp;cm<sup>−1</sup>) over which the tuning can be performed. The typical laser linewidth is of the order of 10<sup>−3</sup>  cm<sup>−1</sup> or smaller.  Additional tuning, and linewidth narrowing, methods include the use of extracavity dispersive optics.<ref>P. Zorabedian, Tunable external cavity semiconductor lasers, in ''Tunable Lasers Handbook'', [[F. J. Duarte]] (Ed.) (Academic, New York, 1995), Chapter 8.</ref>