Editing Tunnel vision (section)

== Causes ==
Tunnel vision can be caused by:
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* [[Glaucoma]], a disease of the eye.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title = Glaucoma | encyclopedia = MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|url = https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001620.htm | publisher  = U.S. National Library of Medicine |access-date = 2016-02-21}}</ref>
* [[Retinitis pigmentosa]], a disease of the eye.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Retinitis pigmentosa|url = http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/retinitis-pigmentosa| work = Genetics Home Reference | publisher  = U.S. National Library of Medicine |date = 2016-02-15|access-date = 2016-02-21}}</ref>
* Blood loss ([[hypovolemia]])
* [[Alcohol consumption]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.cs.wright.edu/bie/rehabengr/vision/visionalcohol.htm | title = Effects of Alcohol on Vision | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061008100320/http://www.cs.wright.edu/bie/rehabengr/vision/visionalcohol.htm | archive-date= 8 October 2006 | work = College of Engineering and Computer Science  | publisher = Wright State University }}</ref> In addition, the vision becomes blurred or double since eye muscles lose their precision causing them to be unable to focus on the same object.
* Sustained (1 second or more) high accelerations.<ref>{{cite book | chapter-url=http://www.vnh.org/FSManual/02/02SustainedAcceleration.html  | title = United States Naval Flight Surgeon's Manual | edition = Third | date = 1991 | chapter = Chapter 2: Acceleration and Vibration: Sustained Acceleration |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20051123000128/http://www.vnh.org/FSManual/02/02SustainedAcceleration.html|archive-date= 23 November 2005 }}</ref> Typically, flying an airplane with a centripetal acceleration of up to or over 39&nbsp;m/s<sup>2</sup> (about 4[[gravitational constant|g]]) with the head towards the center of curvature, common in aerobatic or fighter pilots. In these cases, tunnel vision and [[greyout (medical)|greyout]] may proceed to a ''g''-force induced loss of consciousness [[G-LOC|(''g''-LOC)]].
* [[Psychedelics, Dissociatives and Deliriants|Hallucinogenic]] drugs, in particular [[dissociative]]s.
* Stimulant drugs that release and/or prevent the reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine, in particular amphetamines.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mills KC, Spruill SE, Kanne RW, Parkman KM, Zhang Y | title = The influence of stimulants, sedatives, and fatigue on tunnel vision: risk factors for driving and piloting | journal = Human Factors | volume = 43 | issue = 2 | pages = 310–327 | date = 5 September 2016 | pmid = 11592671 | doi = 10.1518/001872001775900878 | s2cid = 6852335 }}</ref>
* Extreme fear or distress, most often in the context of a [[panic attack]].
* Excitement or extreme pleasure such as on a roller-coaster, causing a surge of adrenaline in the body.
* During periods of high [[epinephrine|adrenaline]] production, such as an intense physical fight.
* [[Altitude sickness]], [[Hypoxia (medical)|hypoxia]] in passenger aircraft<ref name="archive.org">{{cite report |url=http://www.house.gov/transportation/aviation/06-05-03/friend.html|title=Aircraft Air Quality: What's Wrong with It and What Needs to Be Done | author = Association of Flight Attendants, AFL-CIO | work = The Aviation Subcommittee of The Transportation & Infrastructure Committee | publisher = U.S. House of Representatives |date=5 October 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061005203309/http://www.house.gov/transportation/aviation/06-05-03/friend.html|archive-date=2006-10-05}}</ref>
* [[Hyperoxia|Exposure to oxygen at a partial pressure above 1.5-2 atmospheres]], producing central nervous system damage from [[oxygen toxicity]].<ref>{{cite book | chapter-url=http://www.vnh.org/FSManual/01/10OxygenToxic.html  | title = United States Naval Flight Surgeon's Manual | edition = Third | date = 1991 | chapter = Chapter 1: Oxygen Toxicity |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20051122223954/http://www.vnh.org/FSManual/01/10OxygenToxic.html |archive-date= 22 November 2005 }}</ref> Other symptoms can include dizziness, nausea, blindness, fatigue, anxiety, confusion and lack of coordination.
* [[Pituitary adenoma|Pituitary tumours]] (or other brain tumours that compress the [[optic chiasm]])
* Prolonged exposure to air contaminated with heated [[hydraulic fluids]] and [[oil]]s, as can [[Fume event|sometimes happen in passenger aircraft]] (different from the so-called "[[aerotoxic syndrome]]" which is not a recognized medical diagnosis and is claimed to happen with chronic exposure to substances from aircraft engines)<ref name="archive.org"/>
* Severe [[cataract]]s, causing a removal of most of the field of vision
* During the [[Migraine#Aura phase|aura phase of a migraine]]
* Intense anger, causing the body to be rapidly flooded with [[adrenaline]] and [[oxygen]]
* A bite from a [[black mamba]] and other snakes with the same strength venom.
* [[Mercury poisoning]] (especially [[methylmercury]])
* [[Sleep deprivation]]
* [[Usher Syndrome]]
* [[Syncope (medicine)|Syncope (fainting)]]<ref>{{Cite web|title = Vasovagal syncope|url = https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vasovagal-syncope/symptoms-causes/syc-20350527|website = www.mayoclinic.org|access-date = 2020-08-28}}</ref>
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