Editing Turkish Naval Forces (section)

==History==
{{Main|Ottoman Navy}}

===Ottoman fleet after Mudros===
Following the demise of the [[Ottoman Empire]] in the aftermath of [[World War I]], on 3 November 1918, the [[List of Fleet Commanders of the Ottoman Navy|fleet commander]] of the [[Ottoman Navy]], [[rear admiral]] Arif Pasha, ordered all flags to be struck on all warships lying in the [[Golden Horn]], and the Ottoman Navy ceased to exist.<ref name="Steam Navy57">Bernd Langensiepen, Ahmet Güleryüz, ''The Ottoman Steam Navy, 1828–1923'', Naval Institute Press, [[Annapolis, Maryland]], 1995, {{ISBN|1-55750-659-0}}, p. 57.</ref> The major surface combatants of the former Ottoman fleet (totalling 62,000 tons) were rendered inactive by the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] and in accordance with the terms of the [[Armistice of Mudros]], the warships were disarmed during the last week of 1918. The battleship {{ship|Ottoman battleship|Turgut Reis||2}} and the cruisers {{ship|Ottoman cruiser|Hamidiye||2}} and {{ship|Ottoman cruiser|Mecidiye||2}} were substantially limited and kept inactive inside the Golden Horn by the occupying forces.<ref name=historyTN>{{cite web|url=http://www.dzkk.tsk.tr/english/TARIHIMIRAS.php|title=Hata Sayfası|access-date=14 December 2014}}</ref> Due to its larger size, the battlecruiser {{ship|Ottoman battlecruiser|Yavuz Sultan Selim||2}} was transferred to the [[Gulf of İzmit]] on the grounds that she could adversely affect the sea traffic inside the Golden Horn;<ref name=historyTN/> while her ammunition and guns were removed.<ref name=historyTN/> During this period, only a small number of Ottoman Navy vessels were allowed by the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] to remain on active [[coast guard]] duties and were released from internment on 26 February 1919;<ref name="Steam Navy57"/> such as the torpedo boats ''Akhisar'' and ''Dıraç'' which patrolled the [[Sea of Marmara]], the gunboat ''[[Ottoman gunboat Hizir Reis|Hızır Reis]]'' which patrolled the [[Gulf of İzmir]], and the minelayers {{ship|Ottoman minelayer|Nusret||2}} and ''Tir-i Müjgan'' which conducted mine cleaning operations in the [[Gulf of Saros]].<ref name=historyTN/>

Before the [[Turkish War of Independence]] began, the ''Bahriye Nazırlığı'' (Naval Ministry) sent the gunboat ''Preveze'' to [[Sinop, Turkey|Sinop]] and the gunboat ''Aydın Reis'' to [[Trabzon]] in February 1919 for surveillance, reconnaissance and patrol duties.<ref name=historyTN/> However, a lack of coal to fuel their propulsion systems caused the ''Preveze'' and ''Aydın Reis'' to remain in harbour until the end of 1919.<ref name=historyTN/> During the early stages of the Turkish War of Independence, these two gunboats did not return to Istanbul, despite heavy pressure from the Ottoman government and the Allies.<ref name=historyTN/> Instead, they were placed under the command of the [[Turkish National Movement|Turkish liberation forces]] led by [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] and headquartered in [[Ankara]].<ref name=historyTN/>

===Turkish War of Independence===

====Directorate of Naval Affairs====
A large number of the naval officers and students of the Naval Academy went to [[Anatolia]] for participating in the [[Turkish War of Independence]]. On 10 July 1920, the ''Directorate of Naval Affairs'' (''Umur-u Bahriye Müdürlüğü'') was founded in Ankara under the Ministry of National Defense and was given the duty of organizing and maintaining strategic logistical shipping through the [[Black Sea]] in order to provide the Turkish liberation forces in Anatolia with weapons and other supplies.<ref name=historyTN/> All existing naval institutions in the parts of Anatolia that were administered by the Ankara government were assigned to this Directorate.<ref name=historyTN/> The Directorate of Naval Affairs was extremely successful in organizing local surface units and volunteers and in forming an intelligence network to discover the movements of the enemy ships.<ref name=historyTN/> As a result, logistic transportation was carried out effectively.<ref name=historyTN/> The [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey|Turkish Grand National Assembly]] in Ankara made an agreement with the [[Soviet Union]] to procure supplies for the Turkish liberation forces.<ref name=historyTN/> ''Aydın Reis'' left from [[Samsun]] (on 16 September 1920) and ''Preveze'' left from [[Trabzon]] (on 30 September 1920) for [[Novorossiysk]] in order to transport weapons, other supplies and financial aid to the Turkish liberation forces.<ref name="Steam Navy57"/><ref name=historyTN/> The ''Trabzon Shipping Detachment'', which was founded on 21 September 1920, was renamed as the ''Trabzon Naval Shipping Command'' with the directive issued by the Ministry of National Defense on 26 October 1920.<ref name=historyTN/> On 1 January 1921, the [[Samsun]] Naval Command was formed.<ref name="Cevat"/> In the subsequent stages of the Turkish War of Independence, due to the growing need for maritime shipping and the increase in the quantity and quality of the units and small ships, the organizational structure of the Directorate of Naval Affairs was gradually extended.<ref name=historyTN/>

In the same period, a number of Turkish civilian seamen formed a group under the name of the ''Naval Aid Organization'' (''Muavenet-i Bahriye'').<ref name="Cevat">Cevat Ülkekul, [https://web.archive.org/web/20071025035857/http://www.shodb.gov.tr/pirireis/oturumlar/kurtulus_savasi_turk_denizci.htm "Kurtuluş Savaşı'nda Türk Denizcileri ve Cumhuriyet Bahriyesinin Kuruluşu"] (''"Turkish Seamen during the War of Independence and Establishment of the Republican Navy"''), ''Uluslararası Piri Reis Sempozyumu'', 27–29 Eylül 2004 (Bildiri), Office of Navigation of Hydrography and Oceanography. {{in lang|tr}}</ref> This group secretly obtained cannons, light weapons, ammunition, landmines and ordnance from the former Ottoman military warehouses in Istanbul that were under the control of the occupying Allies and sent them to the Turkish liberation forces in Anatolia with civil water transportation crafts.<ref name="Cevat"/>

====Presidency of the Naval Department====
On 1 March 1921, the Directorate of Naval Affairs was transformed into the Presidency of the Naval Department (''Bahriye Dairesi Reisliği'') and had control over the Naval Commands in Samsun, [[Amasra]] and [[İzmit]] (formed on 28 June 1921); the Naval Transport Detachment in Trabzon; the Naval Transport Command in [[Karadeniz Ereğli|Ereğli]]; the Naval Detachment in [[Lake Eğirdir]]; and the Naval Liaison Group in [[Fethiye]] (formed on 16 March 1921.)<ref name=historyTN/> During the War of Independence, Turkish naval forces transported 220,000 tons of weapons, ammunition and equipment to the land forces in Anatolia.<ref name="Cevat"/>

===Ministry of the Navy===
Following the [[Armistice of Mudanya]] on 11 October 1922, the former Ottoman Ministry of the Navy (''Bahriye Nazırlığı'') building in the [[Kasımpaşa, Beyoğlu|Kasımpaşa]] quarter of [[Istanbul]], on the [[Golden Horn]], became the headquarters of the Istanbul Naval Command on 14 November 1922.<ref name=historyTN/> The establishment of the Ministry of the Navy (''Bahriye Vekâleti'') of the Republic of Turkey, headquartered in Ankara, was decided by the [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey|Grand National Assembly]] on 29 December 1924, and [[İhsan Eryavuz|Topçu İhsan Bey]] (İhsan Eryavuz) was appointed the first (and only) Naval Minister of Turkey.<ref>Ümit Özdağ, ''Atatürk ve İnönü dönemlerinde Ordu-Siyaset İlişkisi'', Bilgeoğuz, 2006, [https://books.google.com/books?id=TE5pAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Bahriye+Vekaleti%22 p. 97.] {{in lang|tr}}</ref><ref name="Diyanet">''Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm ansiklopedisi'', Vol 12, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı, İslâm Ansiklopedisi Genel Müdürlüğü, 1988, {{page needed|date=December 2010}} {{in lang|tr}}</ref> When the [[Republic of Turkey]] was established on 29 October 1923, the former Ottoman vessels that remained under Turkish control were as follows:<ref name="Steam Navy59">Bernd Langensiepen, Ahmet Güleryüz, ''The Ottoman Steam Navy, 1828–1923'', Naval Institute Press, [[Annapolis, Maryland]], 1995, {{ISBN|1-55750-659-0}}, p. 59.</ref>

In active service: 2 cruisers ({{ship|Ottoman cruiser|Hamidiye||2}}, ''Peyk-i Şevket''), 2 yachts (''Ertuğrul'', ''Söğütlü''), 1 destroyer (''Taşoz''), 4 gunboats (''Burak Reis'', ''Hızır Reis'', ''Kemal Reis'', ''İsa Reis''), 1 minelayer ({{ship|Ottoman minelayer|Nusret||2}}), 1 aviso (''Galata''), 4 tugs and 7 motorboats.
Out of service (needing repair): 2 battleships ({{ship|Ottoman battlecruiser|Yavuz Sultan Selim||2}}, {{ship|Ottoman battleship|Turgut Reis||2}}), 2 cruisers (''Berk-i Satvet'', {{ship|Ottoman cruiser|Mecidiye||2}}), 4 destroyers ({{ship|Ottoman destroyer|Muâvenet-i Millîye||2}}, ''Nümune-i Hamiyet'', ''Basra'', ''Samsun''), 6 torpedo boats ({{ship|Ottoman torpedo boat|Sultanhisar||2}}, ''Yunus'', ''Akhisar'', ''Dıraç'', ''Musul'', ''Berk Efşan''), 1 gunboat (''Sakız'').

Preparations were made to carry out the maintenance and overhaul of small-tonnage warships (the three ''Taşoz''-class destroyers and the gunboats ''Burak Reis'', ''Sakız'', ''İsa Reis'' and ''Kemal Reis'') and to make them combat-ready.<ref name=historyTN/> Thus, the cruiser ''Hamidiye'', which was planned to be employed as a Cadet Training Ship, was overhauled.<ref name=historyTN/>

During the 1920s, a commitment to refurbish the battlecruiser {{TCG|Yavuz}} (which remained in active service until 1950) as the centerpiece of the republic's fleet was the only constant element of the various naval policies which were put forward.<ref>Güvenç and Barlas, p. 7</ref> The battlecruiser remained in [[İzmit]] until 1926, in a neglected state:<ref name=Conways391>Gardiner and Gray, p. 391</ref><ref name="Whitley241">Whitley, p. 241</ref><ref name="Worth271">Worth, p. 271</ref> only two of her boilers worked, she could not steer or steam, and she still had two unrepaired scars from the mine damage in 1918. Enough money was raised to allow the purchase of a new {{convert|26000|t|LT|adj=on|sp=us}} [[floating dry dock|floating dock]] from the German company ''Flender'',<ref name=historyTN/> as ''Yavuz'' could not be towed anywhere without risk of her sinking in rough seas.<ref name=b7>Brice, p. 277</ref> The French company ''Atelier et Chantiers de St. Nazaire-Penhöet'' was contracted in December 1926 to oversee the subsequent refit, which was carried out by the [[Gölcük Naval Shipyard]].<ref name="Whitley241"/> Since the [[Treaty of Lausanne]] in 1923 required the disarmament of the [[Turkish Straits]], the infrastructures belonging to the Turkish Naval Forces on the [[Bosphorus]] (in [[Istinye]]) and on the Golden Horn were transferred to [[Gölcük, Kocaeli|Gölcük]].<ref name=historyTN/> In this period, Gölcük was designated as the main Turkish naval base.<ref name=historyTN/>

The overhaul works of TCG ''Yavuz'' proceeded over three years (1927–1930); they were delayed when several compartments of the dock collapsed while being pumped out. ''Yavuz'' was slightly damaged before she could be refloated and the dock had to be repaired before the overhaul works could be resumed. The Minister of the Navy, [[İhsan Eryavuz]], was convicted of embezzlement in the resulting investigation which became known as the ''Yavuz-Havuz case'' (''havuz'' meaning "dock" in Turkish naval engineering terminology.)<ref name=b7/> The investigation revealed that Ihsan Eryavuz had reduced the insurance obligation of the French company (Atelier et Chantiers de St. Nazaire-Penhöet) from 5 million to 1.5 million Turkish liras, and was convicted guilty of fraud,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.belgenet.com/dava/yucedivan_02.html|title=The Yavuz-Havuz Case (Turkish)|access-date=27 October 2015}}</ref> which resulted in the abolition of the Ministry of the Navy on 27 December 1927.<ref name="Cevat"/><ref name="DZKK Tarihce">[http://www.dzkk.tsk.tr/turkce/TarihiMiras/geneltarihce.php Genel Tarihçe], Turkish Navy official site.</ref>

===Undersecretariat of the Sea===
Following the dissolution of the Ministry of the Navy, the naval forces were reorganized under the Ministry of National Defense<ref name="Diyanet"/> and on 16 January 1928<ref name="DZKK Tarihce"/> the ''Undersecretariat of the Sea'' (''Deniz Müsteşarlığı'') was established in order to undertake the duties of the former Ministry of the Navy.<ref name="Cevat"/><!--[http://aksiyon.com.tr/aksiyon/haber-8042-34-bahriye-maresal-cakmaka-kirgin.html Erkan Acar, 'Bahriye, Mareşal Çakmak'a kırgın...'], ''Aksiyon'', 4 August 2001.---> With this new reorganization, the Turkish Fleet Command was put under the command of the [[Turkish General Staff]] in terms of administration and logistics.<ref name=historyTN/> On 2 November 1930, the ''Naval War College'' (''Deniz Harp Akademisi'') commenced training and education of Staff Officers at its facilities in the [[Yıldız Palace]].<ref name=historyTN/> During [[World War II]], the naval schools were temporarily relocated from [[Istanbul]] to [[Mersin]] for security reasons and conducted education and training activities in this city.<ref name=historyTN/>

In 1933, with the approval of the [[Turkish Grand National Assembly]], [[Gölcük, Kocaeli|Gölcük]] was designated as the main base of the Turkish Navy.<ref name=historyTN/> In the same year, the first new ship built at the [[Gölcük Naval Shipyard]], the tanker TCG ''Gölcük'', was laid down; and launched the following year.<ref name=historyTN/> With the signing of the [[Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits|Montreux Convention]] in 1936, Turkey's sovereignty over the [[Turkish Straits]] was internationally recognized, and ''Fortified Area Commands'' were founded on the [[Bosphorus]] and [[Dardanelles]] straits, with Naval Detachments assigned to these Commands.<ref name=historyTN/>

===Naval Forces Command===
The Turkish Naval Forces were represented under the title of the ''Naval Undersecreteriat'' at the Turkish General Staff Headquarters in Ankara from 1928 to 1949.<ref name=historyTN/> The historic decree of the Higher Military Council on 15 August 1949 led to the foundation of the Turkish Naval Forces Command (''Deniz Kuvvetleri Komutanlığı''.)<ref name=historyTN/> After Turkey joined [[NATO]] on 18 February 1952, the Turkish Naval Forces were integrated into the organizational branches of the alliance.<ref name=historyTN/>