Editing Turul (section)

==Origin==
The Turul is probably based on a large [[falcon]]. The [[Hungarian language]]  word ''turul'' meant one kind of falcon and the origin of the word is currently thought to be most likely [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] (''Clauson 1972: 472''.<ref>Clauson, Sir Gerard. 1972. ''An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth Century Turkish''. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</ref>) (''[[Róna-Tas et al. 2011:2: 954-56)]]''<ref>Róna-Tas, András, Árpád Berta, with the assistance of László Károly (eds). 2011. ''West Old Turkic'', I-II. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.</ref>), which is the language of origin of over 10% of words in modern Hungarian lexicon and the exonym "Hungarian" and the word "Hun".{{efn|The Magyars had an extensive Turkic genetic and cultural influence, which accounts for the Turkic contribution to their lexicon, and Byzantines authors ([[De Administrando Imperio|Constantine]]) even mistakenly referred to them as Turks. Many Hungarian names, and also animal and plant names,<ref name="Ranki">{{cite book |editor=Gy Ránki, György Ránki|title=Hungarian History--world History |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YNRnAAAAMAAJ|date=1984 |publisher=Akadémiai K VIII |isbn=978-963-05-3997-5|page=10}}</ref> are of Turkic origin. The majority of Hungarian tribal names were of Turkic origin.<ref name="aurel">{{cite book |last1=Pop|first1=Ioan Aurel|last2=Csorvási|first2=Veronica|title=Romanians and Hungarians from the 9th to the 14th Century The Genesis of the Transylvanian Medieval State |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xDwMAQAAMAAJ|date=1996 |publisher=[[Romanian Cultural Foundation|Fundația Culturală Română]]; [[:ro:Centrul de Studii Transilvane|Centrul de Studii Transilvane]]|isbn=978-973-577-037-2|page=62|quote=The majority of the Hungarian tribe names were of Turkic origin and signified, in many cases, a certain rank.}}</ref> However, in spite of all this influence, and although they were long in contact with them, the Magyars are not a Turkic people.<ref>{{Cite book|edition=New, revised|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies|isbn=978-0-88402-021-9|last=Jenkins|first=Romilly James Heald|title=De Administrando Imperio by Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus|location=Washington, D.C.|series=Corpus fontium historiae Byzantinae|year=1967|page=65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3al15wpFWiMC|access-date=28 August 2013}} According to Constantine Porphyrogenitus, writing in his ''[[De Administrando Imperio]]'' (c. AD 950), "Patzinakia, the [[Pechenegs|Pecheneg realm]], stretches west as far as the [[Siret River]] (or even the [[Carpathian Mountains|Eastern Carpathian Mountains]]), and is four days distant from Tourkia (i.e. Hungary)."</ref><ref name="PrinzingSalamon1999">{{cite book|author1=Günter Prinzing|author2=Maciej Salamon|title=Byzanz und Ostmitteleuropa 950-1453: Beiträge zu einer table-ronde des XIX. International Congress of Byzantine Studies, Copenhagen 1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uZDgivj7_RAC&pg=PA46|access-date=9 February 2013|year=1999|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-04146-1|page=46}}</ref><ref name="Howorth2008">{{cite book|author=Henry Hoyle Howorth|title=History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century: The So-called Tartars of Russia and Central Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hFc4mwsHZ7IC&pg=PA3|access-date=15 June 2013|year=2008|publisher=Cosimo, Inc.|isbn=978-1-60520-134-4|page=3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Köpeczi |first1=Béla |last2=Makkai |first2=László |last3=Mócsy |first3=András |last4=Kiralý |first4=Béla K. |last5=Kovrig |first5=Bennett |last6=Szász |first6=Zoltán |last7=Barta |first7=Gábor |title=Transylvania in the medieval Hungarian kingdom (896-1526) |date=2001 |publisher=Social Science Monographs, University of Michigan, Columbia University Press, East European Monographs |location=New York |isbn=0-88033-479-7 |pages=415–416 |edition=Volume 1 of History of Transylvania}}</ref><ref>A MAGYAROK TÜRK MEGNEVEZÉSE BÍBORBANSZÜLETETT KONSTANTINOS DE ADMINISTRANDOIMPERIO CÍMÛ MUNKÁJÁBAN - Takács Zoltán Bálint, SAVARIAA VAS MEGYEI MÚZEUMOK ÉRTESÍTÕJE28 SZOMBATHELY, 2004, pp. 317–333 [http://nadasdymuzeum.hu/pdf/269.pdf]</ref>}} ''Toġrïl'' or ''toğrul'' means a medium to large [[bird of prey]] of the family [[Accipitridae]], [[Northern goshawk|goshawk]] or [[red kite]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tdkterim.gov.tr/bts/?kategori=verilst&ayn=bas&kelime=togr%FDl |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715231143/http://tdkterim.gov.tr/bts/?kategori=verilst&ayn=bas&kelime=togr%FDl  |archive-date=15 July 2012 |title=Great Turkish Dictionary |publisher=[[Turkish Language Association]] |access-date=1 August 2009 }}</ref>  In Hungarian the word ''sólyom'' means falcon, and there are three ancient words describing different kinds of falcons: ''kerecsen'' [Greek κερχνηίς] ([[saker falcon]]), ''zongor'' [Turkish ''sungur'' = [[gyrfalcon]]] (which survives in the male name ''Csongor'') and ''turul''.

In the legend of [[Emese]], recorded in the ''[[Gesta Hungarorum]]'' and the ''[[Chronicon Pictum]]'', the ''turul'' is mentioned as occurring in a dream of Emese, when she was already pregnant.<ref name="oszk" />
In older literature, this was interpreted as "impregnation", but the text is clear.<ref>For further details: {{cite web |last=Szabados |first=György |title=Attila-ős, a sólyomforma madár és a fehér elefánt |url=http://www.arpad.btk.mta.hu/images/e-konyvtar/Szabados_Gyrgy_Attila-s_a_slyomforma_madr_s_a_fehr_elefnt.pdf |publisher=Hungarian Academy of Sciences, History Department |language=hu}}</ref> The Turul's role is one of a protector spirit, that protects the infant [[Álmos]], from harm. This is a very similar motif to the role of the [[Simurgh]] in the Iranian epic [[Shahnameh]]. In a second dream by the leader of the Hungarian tribes, in which eagles (the emblem of the [[Pechenegs]], enemies of the Hungarians{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}) attacked their horses and the Turul came and saved them. The image of the Turul and its role is similar to that of the Norse [[Veðrfölnir and eagle|Vedfolnir]], which like it perched on the tree of life.<ref name="Macdonald">{{cite book |last1=Macdonald |first1=Helen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vDOHDAAAQBAJ |title=Falcon |date=2016 |publisher=[[Reaktion Books]] |isbn=978-1-78023-689-6 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vDOHDAAAQBAJ&dq=genghis+khan%27s+falcon&pg=PT53 Contents - Mythical falcons] |author-link=Helen Macdonald (writer)}}</ref>{{efn|The Veldfolnir actually perched on an unnamed eagle that itself perched on top of the [[world tree]] [[Yggdrasil]]}} The Huns reportedly also used the image of the eagle, which for them symbolized the leader.<ref name="bird spot">{{cite web |date=8 November 2020 |title=Birds in Culture |url=https://www.birdspot.co.uk/culture/birds-in-chinese-symbolism |publisher=Bird Spot}}</ref> The image of a bird of prey was extremely popular in [[Saka]]-[[Scythian]] culture.<ref name="elsevier">{{cite journal |author=Abdesh Toleubayev |author2=Rinat Zhumatayev |author3=Dina Baimuhamedova |date=2014 |title=Image of an Eagle in the Art of Early Nomads |journal=Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |volume=122 |page=240-244 (1-5) |doi=10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.1335 |doi-access=free}}</ref> More broadly, this image was common among the nomads of Central Asia.<ref name="elsevier" /> Rather than belonging to a specific ethnic group, it was widespread across the steppe, and the union of a falcon and a woman is "firmly located in a shamanic religio-mythical universe."<ref name="Macdonald" /> A prominent example among similar legends is that of the Mongols, contained in ''[[The Secret History of the Mongols]]'', where Genghis Khan's mother-in-law dreams that an eagle holding the sun and the moon in its claws lands on her hand, in anticipation of the birth of the Mongolian royal dynasty.<ref name="Macdonald" /> In some parts of [[Kazakhstan]] and [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Kazakhs]] and [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]] carry falcons inside the yurt during childbirth, because their eyes are said to stave off demons that attack pregnant women during childbirth.<ref name="Macdonald" /> Macdonald calls it a "practical use" of the falcons' association with fertility.<ref name="Macdonald" />

A pair of silver disk with Turul motive was found in [[Rakamaz]], [[Hungary]] from a 10th century Hungarian cemetery. The most beautiful ornament of noble [[Hungarians|Hungarian]] women was a pair of decorative disks hanging from the end of the hair braid. 

<gallery>
File:A rakamazi hajfonatkorong 1 - Turul.jpg|A pair of silver hair decoration disk with motive of mythic Turul bird from a 10th century Hungarian cemetery (Found in [[Rakamaz]], [[Hungary]]) Jósa András Museum in [[Nyíregyháza]], [[Hungary]]
File:A rakamazi hajfonatkorong 2 - Turul.jpg|The other part of the pair of the silver hair decoration disk with motive of mythic Turul bird from a 10th century Hungarian cemetery (Found in [[Rakamaz]], [[Hungary]])
File:Prehistoric Times of Bohemia, Moravia and Slovakia - NM Prague 59.JPG|Gilt silver disk with Turul motif (Hungary, 10th century), [[National Museum (Prague)|National Museum in Prague]] (temporary exhibition)
</gallery>