Editing Twite (section)

==Taxonomy==
In 1758 the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] included the twite in the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|10th edition]] of his ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' under the [[Binomial nomenclature|binomial name]] ''Fringilla flavirostris''.<ref name=checklist>{{ cite book | editor-last=Paynter | editor-first=Raymond A. Jnr. | year=1968 | title=Check-list of Birds of the World | volume=14 | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=253 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14481454}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first= C. | author-link= Carl Linnaeus | year=1766 | title= Systema Naturæ per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Volume 1| volume= 1 | edition=10th | page=182 | publisher=Holmiae:Laurentii Salvii | language = la | url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727089}}</ref> The twite and the closely related [[linnet]]s were at one time placed in the genus ''[[Carduelis]]'' but were moved to the resurrected genus ''[[Linaria (bird)|Linaria]]'' based on a [[phylogenetic]] analysis of [[mitochondrial]] and nuclear DNA sequences that was published in 2012.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Zuccon | first1=Dario | last2=Prŷs-Jones | first2=Robert | last3=Rasmussen | first3=Pamela C. | last4=Ericson | first4=Per G.P. | year=2012 | title=The phylogenetic relationships and generic limits of finches (Fringillidae) | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=62 | issue=2 | pages=581–596 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2011.10.002 | url=http://www.nrm.se/download/18.9ff3752132fdaeccb6800010935/Zuccon%20et%20al%202012.pdf | pmid=22023825}}</ref> The genus had originally been described in 1802 by the German naturalist [[Johann Matthäus Bechstein]].<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen | date=December 2023 | title=Finches, euphonias | work=IOC World Bird List Version 14.1 | url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/finches/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=7 July 2024}}</ref> The genus name ''linaria'' is the [[Latin]] for a linen-weaver, from ''linum'', "[[flax]]". The specific epithet ''flavirostris'' means "yellow-billed".<ref name =job>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A. | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher=Christopher Helm | location = London, United Kingdom | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n161 161], [https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n227 227] }}</ref>

Nine [[subspecies]] are recognised:<ref name=ioc/>
* ''L. f. pipilans'' ([[John Latham (ornithologist)|Latham]], 1787) – north Ireland and north Britain ([[synonym (biology)|syn.]] ''L. f. bensonorum'')
* ''L. f. flavirostris'' ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758) – north Scandinavia and northwest Russia
* ''L. f. brevirostris'' ([[Charles Lucien Bonaparte|Bonaparte]], 1855) – Turkey, the [[Caucasus]] and north Iran
* ''L. f. kirghizorum'' ([[Petr Sushkin|Sushkin]], 1925) – north, central [[Kazakhstan]]
* ''L. f. korejevi'' ([[Nikolai Alekseyvich Zarudny|Zarudny]] & Härms, 1914) – northeast [[Kazakhstan]] to northwest China
* ''L. f. altaica'' (Sushkin, 1925) – southwest Siberia and north, west Mongolia
* ''L. f. montanella'' ([[Allan Octavian Hume|Hume]], 1873) – [[Kyrgyzstan]], Tajikistan, north Afghanistan and northwest Pakistan to northwest China (syn. ''L. f. pamirensis'')
* ''L. f. miniakensis'' (Jacobi, A, 1923) – east Tibet and west China
* ''L. f. rufostrigata'' (Walton, 1905) – west, south Tibet, north India and north Nepal