Editing Tyler Hamilton (section)

==Biography==
Hamilton was raised in [[Marblehead, Massachusetts]], and attended [[Holderness School]] in [[Plymouth, New Hampshire]], where he started cycling. After graduating in 1990, he attended the [[University of Colorado at Boulder]] as a [[ski]] racer but never finished the final semester of his [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] degree course in economics.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UM7mdreB-Yc&t=3004s&ab_channel=OxfordUnion|title=Tyler Hamilton, The Truth About Doping in Cycling, Full Talk and Q&A
|date=18 December 2016
|publisher=[[Oxford Union]] |access-date=December 18, 2016}}</ref> A back injury (two broken vertebrae while mountain bike training on ski jump) at the University of Colorado developmental ski team in September 1991 ended his skiing, and he switched to cycling.

He turned pro in 1995 for the Montgomery Bell Cycling team which later became the [[U.S. Postal Service cycling team]] and raced for them in the [[1997 Tour de France|1997]], [[1998 Tour de France|1998]], [[1999 Tour de France|1999]], [[2000 Tour de France|2000]] and [[2001 Tour de France]]. Hamilton protected Lance Armstrong in the mountains, and was on Armstrong's first three Tour de France winning Postal squads and quickly grew to stardom. Hamilton acted as a scout in [[individual time trial]]s, riding as hard as possible to provide time-split comparisons for Armstrong. During this time he won the 1999 [[Danmark Rundt]] and the 2000 [[Critérium du Dauphiné|Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré]], winning stages 4 and 5.

In 2001, Hamilton left U.S. Postal for [[Team CSC]]. He was made a leader under manager [[Bjarne Riis]]. Hamilton fractured a [[shoulder]] in a crash in the [[2002 Giro d'Italia]] but still managed to win stage 14 and finish second overall, under 2 minutes behind race winner [[Paolo Savoldelli]]. Later that year, he participated in the [[2002 Tour de France]], riding in support of [[Carlos Sastre]] and finished 15th overall. In 2003, Hamilton became the first American rider to win [[Liège–Bastogne–Liège]], breaking away from a select group of riders around four kilometers from the line in wet conditions. He later won the [[Tour de Romandie]] that year, as he prepared to race the [[Tour de France]]. In the [[2003 Tour de France]] he broke his [[collarbone]] on the first stage in a pile-up. Instead of withdrawing from the race, he stayed to finish the tour, and exceeded everyone's expectations when he was able to follow and attack Armstrong up [[Alpe d'Huez]] on stage 8. Later, he rode one of the Tour's most memorable feats, winning stage 16 with a 142&nbsp;km solo breakaway, gaining two minutes over the field. For his stage win, Hamilton was awarded the ''Coeur de Lion'' prize ([[French language|French]] for ''Heart of the Lion'', the name of the cheese maker that sponsored the award), as the most daring racer of the stage. He finished the [[2003 Tour de France]] 4th overall and returned home nationally recognized.

In 2004, Hamilton left [[Team CSC]] and joined the [[Phonak (cycling team)|Phonak Hearing Systems]]. He assembled a team of good, well-known riders and prepared for racing in the upcoming Tour de France, winning the 2004 [[Tour of Romandie]] for the second year in a row. Furthermore, he placed 2nd in the 2004 [[Dauphine Libere]], beating Armstrong up the Mont Ventoux time trial which promoted him to one of the Tour de France favorites. However, in the [[2004 Tour de France]] he dropped out on stage 13, after back pain mostly due to a crash on stage 6.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.2008.nbcolympics.com/cycling/insidethissport/history/newsid=104682.html|title=Cycling > Inside This Sport > History|publisher=[[NBC Sports]] |access-date=July 16, 2012}}</ref>

In 2021 he married his long time girlfriend Kristina Hamilton and they welcomed a baby boy together.<ref name="boston.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.boston.com/uncategorized/noprimarytagmatch/2012/09/19/cyclist-tyler-hamilton-comes-clean-about-doping|title = Cyclist Tyler Hamilton comes clean about doping}}</ref>

In 2019, Hamilton joined Black Swift Group, LLC, an investment advisor and money manager based in Boulder, Colorado.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blackswiftgroup.com/about-us/|title=About Us|website=Black Swift|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-15}}</ref>

===Olympic gold and doping confession===
At the 2004 Summer Olympics in [[Athens]], Hamilton won the gold medal in the men's individual [[time trial]]. That medal was placed in doubt on September 20, 2004, after he failed a test for [[blood doping]] (receiving blood transfusions to boost performance) at the Olympics. Two days after the announcement of his positive test at Athens, the IOC announced Hamilton would keep his medal because results could not be obtained from the second sample. The Athens lab had frozen the backup, which made it impossible to repeat the test.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/cycling/4111071.stm Hamilton faces Greek drug probe], BBC on Monday, 20 December 2004.</ref> The [[Russia]]n Olympic Committee appealed to the International [[Court of Arbitration for Sport]] to give Hamilton's medal to Russian silver medalist [[Viatcheslav Ekimov]]. However, on June 27, 2006, the court rejected the request.<ref>[https://www.usatoday.com/sports/olympics/summer/athens/2006-06-27-hamilton-medal_x.htm CAS rejects Russian appeal to strip Tyler Hamilton of Olympic gold], USAToday.com on Tuesday, 27 June 2006.</ref>

In the [[Vuelta a España]], he won the stage 9 time trial on September 11, 2004, but left the race six days later, citing stomach problems. As winner of the stage, he was subjected to a doping test. He was told by the [[Union Cycliste Internationale]] (UCI) on September 13, 2004 that his two samples from two days earlier showed a "foreign blood population."<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/cycling/3675726.stm Hamilton fails dope tests], BBC on September 21, 2004.</ref> After supporting Hamilton, Phonak team managers withdrew their support after a second member of the team, [[Santiago Pérez (cyclist)|Santiago Pérez]], was found positive for the same offense at the 2004 Vuelta a España.<ref>[https://www.espn.com/olympics/news/story?id=1934983 Hamilton third Phonak member dismissed for doping], ESPN on Tuesday, November 30, 2004.</ref>

The positive sample at the Olympics, and the positive test at the Vuelta were not the only indications that Hamilton was manipulating his [[hematocrit]] level. In April 2004 his blood was found to have a high ratio of hemoglobin to reticulocytes (young red blood cells), indicative of EPO or blood doping. His score was 132.9; a clean athlete would score 90.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/news.php?id=features/2005/hamilton_appeal|title=Wire in the blood: Part I|publisher  =Cyclingnews.com |date=November 22, 2005}}</ref> The UCI suspends a rider if the score exceeds 133. This sample also showed someone else's blood was in his bloodstream. However, neither piece of evidence in isolation constituted a positive drug test (and the test for a mixed cell population had not yet been adopted), so no action was taken.<ref name=lancetolandis >{{ cite book
| title     = From Lance to Landis
| author    = David Walsh
| publisher = Ballantine Books
| year      = 2007
| pages     = 192–209 }} 
</ref>

On April 18, 2005 Hamilton was sanctioned by the [[United States Anti-Doping Agency]] and received a two-year suspension,<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2005/SPORT/04/19/cycling.hamilton/ Hamilton given two-year doping ban], CNN on Tuesday, April 19, 2005.</ref> the maximum sentence for a first offense.

On May 18, 2005, he appealed to the [[Court of Arbitration for Sport]] but, after allowing Hamilton to gather evidence, the court dismissed his appeal.<ref>[http://www.tas-cas.org/ International Court for Arbitration in Sport, February 11, 2006 (See: Case Law)].</ref> Hamilton claimed the UCI-sanctioned test was insufficiently validated (and may have returned a [[Type I and type II errors|false positive]] result) and that some of the agencies involved had concealed documents that would support his case. He also maintained that, even if foreign cells were present, they were natural and not the result of a transfusion.

Hamilton was banned until September 22, 2006, two years from the date his "B" sample in the Vuelta a España was found positive.

In 2010, Hamilton was subpoenaed by a federal grand jury to testify in their doping investigation of Lance Armstrong. Hamilton admitted in his testimony that he took banned performance-enhancing drugs during his cycling career.<ref>{{cite news|last=Macur|first=Juliet|title=Recording May Play Role in Armstrong Inquiry|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/17/sports/cycling/17armstrong.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=September 16, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Combs|first=Drew|title=Q&A: Cyclist Tyler Hamilton's Lawyer on Why His Client Came Clean|url=http://amlawdaily.typepad.com/amlawdaily/2011/05/mandersoninterview.html|newspaper=The Am Law Daily|date=May 22, 2011}}</ref>

On May 20, 2011, he also made the confession in an email to friends and family after a taping of the TV news show ''[[60 Minutes]]'', during which he also implicated Lance Armstrong in the doping scandal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/tyler-hamiltons-letter-of-confession|title=Tyler Hamilton's letter of confession|work=Cyclingnews.com|date=May 20, 2011|access-date=February 20, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=7366684n|title=Former teammate: I saw Lance Armstrong doping|work=Cbsnews.com|date=May 20, 2011|access-date=February 20, 2012}}</ref> Hamilton then voluntarily surrendered the gold medal he won at the 2004 Summer Olympics to the [[United States Anti-Doping Agency]], which said it would continue its joint investigative work with the IOC.<ref>[http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/hamilton-gives-back-olympic-time-trial-gold-medal Hamilton gives back Olympic time trial gold medal]. Cyclingnews.com (2011-05-20). Retrieved on 2012-02-20.</ref>

On August 10, 2012, the IOC officially stripped Hamilton of his 2004 Olympic gold medal and ordered that it be returned to them.<ref>{{cite news|title=Olympic officials strip American cyclist of gold medal|url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/08/11/sport/olympics-hamilton-doping/index.html?hpt=hp_t2|newspaper=CNN|date=August 12, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/48584466/ns/sports-olympic_sports/|title=IOC to Strip Cyclist Hamilton of Athens Gold|date=August 9, 2012|access-date=August 9, 2012|first=Stephen|last=Wilson|agency=Associated Press|work=NBCSports.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812135645/http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/48584466/ns/sports-olympic_sports|archive-date=August 12, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Operación Puerto===
On June 18, 2006, the Madrid daily ''[[El País]]'' alleged that the Spanish civil guard investigation of doping in Spanish professional sport, "[[Operación Puerto doping case|Operación Puerto]]", had found that Hamilton paid more than US$50,000 to [[Eufemiano Fuentes|Dr. Eufemiano Fuentes]] between 2002 and 2004 to plan and administer his use of performance-enhancing [[erythropoietin]] (EPO), [[growth hormone treatment]], blood doping, and masking agents.<ref>{{in lang|es}} [http://www.elpais.es/articulo/deportes/transfusiones/dolares/Tyler/Hamilton/elppordep/20060626elpepidep_6/Tes/ Las transfusiones y los dólares de Tyler Hamilton], El País, Monday, June 26, 2006.</ref> El País charged that Hamilton's 2003 win of [[Liège–Bastogne–Liège]] came days after a "double" blood transfusion planned by Fuentes. The evidence presented by ''[[El País]]'' also implicated Hamilton's wife in facilitating Hamilton's doping. Fuentes was arrested with team director [[Manolo Saiz]] in May 2006 as part of the Operación Puerto investigation.

On June 26, 2006, Hamilton stated on his website:  "I was very upset to read the accusations against me and to see my name associated with the Operación Puerto investigation in Spain. I have not been treated by Dr. Fuentes. I have not done what the article alleges. In addition, I have never been contacted by authorities in Spain regarding these allegations. Therefore, it is impossible to comment on a situation I have no knowledge of."

The [[Copenhagen]] daily, ''[[Politiken]]'', published further charges stemming from Operación Puerto on August 19, 2006.<ref>{{in lang|da}} [http://politiken.dk/VisArtikel.sasp?PageID=471794 CSC-stjerne på omfattende dopingprogram i 2003], Politiken, August 19, 2006.</ref> The article summarizes Hamilton's alleged doping program during 2003. It quotes Danish doping researcher Rasmus Damsgaard on the organization Hamilton's program would have required. It cites [[Bjarne Riis]], Hamilton's directeur sportif in 2003, denying knowledge of Hamilton's doping. And the article states that the reporters attempted to contact Hamilton on numerous occasions but were unable to reach him. The article's allegations are based on the rider's doping and racing calendar obtained by the paper. The calendar was seized in Operación Puerto. The doping calendar indicates use of EPO, growth hormone, testosterone, blood doping, and insulin on 114 days over seven months during the 2003 season. The racing program correlates with Hamilton's races in 2003, according to Politiken. The calendar includes two blood transfusions during the [[Tour de France]]. “The first time before the three stages in the Alps and the second before the 12th stage – a 47 km individual time trial,” write the reporters. The article stated that such an ambitious program would have required assistance – “at least four or five people,” according to Damsgaard.

The next day, August 20, 2006, the Belgian [[Dutch language]] ''[[Het Laatste Nieuws]]'' newspaper published more details of Hamilton's doping diary. Among many allegations, the article claims he took EPO 30 times between December 2002 and February 2003 while riding for [[Team CSC]]. In 2003, claimed Het Laatste Nieuws, Hamilton used doping on 114 of his 200 racing days.<ref>[http://www.cyclingnews.com/news.php?id=news/2006/aug06/aug22news2 Extensive doping alleged for Hamilton]. Cyclingnews.com. Retrieved on 2012-02-20.</ref>

On September 14, 2006, USA Cycling announced information from the UCI "regarding Tyler Hamilton and his alleged involvement in 'Operación Puerto' along with a request to move forward with disciplinary action." USA Cycling referred the case to the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency.<ref>"As ban ends, US cyclist Hamilton facing another probe," AFP, September 14, 2006</ref>

On April 30, 2007, ''[[La Gazzetta dello Sport]]'' published allegations that Spanish authorities had completed a second dossier on Operation Puerto, 6000 pages long and naming 49 cyclists. Hamilton was again named, with the detail that he was #11 on Dr. Fuentes's coded list of clients.<ref>[http://www.gazzetta.it/Ciclismo/Primo_Piano/2007/04_Aprile/30/operacionpuertodossier.shtml  "Nuovo dossier di 6000 pagine. E nuovi nomi,"] ''La Gazzetta dello Sport,'' April 30, 2007</ref>

Hamilton did not admit any wrongdoing at the time, and his defense was based on personal integrity. As US cyclist [[Bobby Julich]] who finished third in the Athens time trial that Hamilton won noted:

:"It goes against everything I've ever seen or known from the guy. But the rest of us at the Olympics passed the test. Why didn't he? I'm sick of people who cheat, sick of cleaning up their mess and trying to explain it. There is heavy evidence against him. With that much evidence, I don't know how he's going to get out of it."<ref name=lancetolandis />

Ironically, Julich confessed in 2012 that he doped during his career.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.velonation.com/News/ID/13151/Bobby-Julich-leaves-Team-Sky-after-doping-admission.aspx|title=Bobby Julich leaves Team Sky after doping admission|work=Velo Nation|publisher=Velo Nation LLC|date=25 October 2012|access-date=10 December 2012|author=Shane Stokes}}</ref> The same year, Hamilton published a book, ''The Secret Race'', where he admits he was the client "4142" in Fuentes' documents.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hamilton |first=Tyler |title=The Secret Race |year=2012 |publisher=Bantam books |isbn=9780345530417 |page=[https://archive.org/details/secretraceinside0000hami/page/159 159] |url=https://archive.org/details/secretraceinside0000hami/page/159 }}</ref>

===Return to cycling===
[[File:Tyler Hamilton.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Hamilton in November 2007]]
Beginning in spring 2007, Hamilton began cycling again, having completed his two-year ban. He rode briefly for [[Tinkoff Credit Systems (cycling team)|Tinkoff Credit Systems]]. It supported Hamilton in the face of Operation Puerto rumors. However, on May 9, with rumors circulating about Hamilton's role in the April 30 dossier, the team dropped him for the [[2007 Giro d'Italia]].<ref>[http://velonews.competitor.com/2007/05/news/tinkoff-suspends-hamilton-jaksche-and-hondo_12226 Tinkoff suspends Hamilton, Jaksche and Hondo]. VeloNews.com, May 9, 2007</ref>

In September 2007, Tyler competed at the US national championship in [[Greenville, SC]], coming sixth in the time trial and 12th in the road race.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071023230243/http://www.usacyclingchampionships.com/road-race-results.html USA Cycling Championships website]</ref> In December, [[Rock Racing]] said Hamilton would ride for them in 2008. Rock Racing was a professional team on the US circuit. Hamilton did not ride in the team's season-opening [[Tour of California]] because of that race's rules against riders involved in doping investigations.

Wearing his Rock Racing gear, Tyler Hamilton finished second of approximately 60 category one and two riders March 9, 2008 at a collegiate criterium in Denver's City Park.<ref>[http://velobios.com/riders.rockracing2008.hamilton.htm VELOBIOS.com Tyler Hamilton<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

In July 2008 he won the [[Tour of Qinghai Lake]] in China which is a top ranked race (UCI [[2.HC]]). In August 2008 he won the US National Road Race Championship.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Frothingham |first1=Steve |title=Hamilton edges Caldwell to claim pro road crown |url=https://www.velonews.com/2008/08/road/hamilton-edges-caldwell-to-claim-pro-road-crown_82619 |access-date=7 February 2020 |work=[[VeloNews]] |date=31 August 2008}}</ref>

===Second positive test===
On April 17, 2009 it was revealed that Tyler had failed an out-of-competition drug test; this time for a banned steroid ([[DHEA]]), which he claimed to be taking for anti-depression purposes despite knowing that it is on the [[World Anti-Doping Agency]] banned list. He announced his decision to retire.<ref>[http://www.cyclingnews.com/news.php?id=news/2009/apr09/apr17news3 Hamilton tests positive, retires]. Cyclingnews.com. Retrieved on 2012-02-20.</ref>
In June 2009, Hamilton was given an eight-year ban after testing positive for a banned anti-depressant.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/cycling/8104422.stm|title= Eight-year ban for rider Hamilton |date=2009-06-17|work=BBC Sport|access-date=2009-06-17}}</ref>

===Tyler Hamilton Training===
Since September 2009,<ref>[http://bikeblips.dailyradar.com/story/tyler_hamilton_training/ Bike Blips, 7/21/2009]. Bikeblips.dailyradar.com. Retrieved on 2012-02-20.</ref> Hamilton has been providing private training services to other cyclists.<ref>[http://www.tylerhamiltontraining.com/ Tyler Hamilton Training]. Tyler Hamilton Training. Retrieved on 2012-02-20.</ref>

===Autobiography===
On September 5, 2012, [[Random House]] ([[Bantam Books]]) published Hamilton's memoir ''The Secret Race: Inside the Hidden World of the Tour de France: Doping, Cover-ups, and Winning at All Costs'', coauthored with American writer Daniel Coyle.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/hamilton-to-release-autobiography |title=Hamilton To Release Autobiography |publisher=Cyclingnews.com |date=2011-05-23 |access-date=2012-08-14}}</ref> It won the 2012 [[William Hill Sports Book of the Year]] award.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/nov/26/tyler-hamilton-secret-race-william-hill |title=The Secret Race wins William Hill Sports Book of the Year for 2012 |work=[[The Guardian]] |author=Sean Ingle |date=26 November 2012 |access-date=November 26, 2012}}</ref> In the book, he details his career and his relationship with [[Lance Armstrong]], for whom he was a teammate and a confidant. It also details some of the doping practices he and Armstrong were using on the {{UCI team code|USP|1999}} team, such as EPO injections and blood transfusions. They parted ways when Hamilton went riding for CSC. This decision was motivated by the fact that Armstrong had become cold and vindictive toward him. Hamilton then recounts the 2 years spent riding for [[Bjarne Riis]], his sympathy for the former rider and how Riis introduced him to Eufemiano Fuentes, a Spanish doctor who would be later investigated in the [[Operacion Puerto]] doping affair. He then recounts his years on the Phonak Team when he tested positive during the [[Vuelta a España]] to an alleged homologous blood transfusion.

Despite admitting throughout the work that he very regularly used EPO, testosterone pills and patches, and [[autologous]] blood transfusions (all banned practices), Hamilton staunchly opposed the sanction, since he had never used the blood of another person. It was speculated that Fuentes and his assistant had mixed the blood of another rider with his. His career in shambles, he raced for lesser teams after his suspension, tested positive for DHEA (in an OTC herbal anti-depressant) and retired. He later received a call from federal investigator [[Jeff Novitzky]], who wanted to talk to him. He refused and was served a [[subpoena]], whereupon he decided to tell everything. Some former teammates of Lance Armstrong and other witnesses appeared, until the federal government dropped the charges. The [[USADA]] took over the investigation under civil law, and Armstrong was ultimately stripped of all his titles from August 1998 onward. Armstrong was also banned from bicycle racing and [[triathlon]] competition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uci.ch/Modules/ENews/ENewsDetails2011.asp?id=ODgzNA&MenuId=MTYzMDQ&LangId=1&BackLink=%2FTemplates%2FUCI%2FUCI8%2Flayout.asp%3FMenuID%3DMTYzMDQ%26LangId%3D1|title=The UCI recognises USADA decision in Armstrong case|date=22 October 2012|work=UCI|access-date=22 October 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024213436/http://www.uci.ch/Modules/ENews/ENewsDetails2011.asp?id=ODgzNA&MenuId=MTYzMDQ&LangId=1&BackLink=%2FTemplates%2FUCI%2FUCI8%2Flayout.asp%3FMenuID%3DMTYzMDQ%26LangId%3D1|archive-date=24 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Hamilton |first=Tyler |author-link=Tyler Hamilton |title=The Secret Race |year=2012 |publisher=Bantam Books 2012 |isbn=9780345530417 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/secretraceinside0000hami/page/279 279] |url=https://archive.org/details/secretraceinside0000hami/page/279 }}</ref>