Editing U.S. Route shield (section)

==History==

===Development===
[[File:Old style US 7 shield.jpg|thumb|left|100px|Original-style Vermont [[U.S. Route 7|US&nbsp;7]] shield with embossed features]]

The U.S. Route shield was developed during the first meeting of the [[Joint Board on Interstate Highways]], a panel appointed by [[Howard M. Gore]], the [[Secretary of Agriculture]], for the purposes of establishing a nationwide highway system. During the meeting, held at the [[Bureau of Public Roads]] offices in [[Washington, D.C.]], on April 20, 1925, board member Lou A. Boulay of Ohio was credited with suggesting the use of a [[escutcheon (heraldry)|shield]], inspired by that on the [[Great Seal of the United States]], with the letters "U.S.A." and the route number as a route marker.<ref name="FHWA planning">{{cite web |last = Weingroff |first = Richard F. |publisher = [[Federal Highway Administration]] |url = https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/numbers.cfm |title = From Names to Numbers: The Origins of the U.S. Numbered Highway System |work = Highway History |access-date = June 4, 2010 }}</ref> The board carried the motion to use a shield as the marker.

The Joint Board did not discuss the route shield further until the next day, April 21. At that time, E.W. James (Chief of the BPR's Division of Design and secretary of the Joint Board) and Frank F. Rogers of Michigan sketched a possible implementation of the shield. Rogers was also quoted as saying "Each state should have the right to insert the name of the state in the upper part of the shield to be adopted." James and Rogers presented their shield sketch to the board, and it was approved as a tentative design. Samples were sent for comment to all 48 states.<ref name="FHWA planning"/>

The shield was next discussed during the meeting of August 3. Upon motion by [[Cyrus Avery]] of Oklahoma, the board officially adopted the shield proposed at the April 21 meeting, having received general support from the states. A debate then ensued regarding the inclusion of the state name. W.O. Hotchkiss of Wisconsin, who was in favor of removing the state name, said "We want to emphasize the U.S., not the state. The shield and U.S. symbolized what we are marking."<ref name="FHWA planning"/> The Joint Board voted 10–9 to eliminate the state name.<ref name="FHWA planning"/>

Outside of the official meeting, members of the board discussed the state name issue further. Some members, particularly those from the South, felt it would be difficult to get local support for the U.S. Route System without it, because the states were required to pay for the signage. Some state legislatures had also legally bound state route numbers to certain corridors, and it was thought that including the state name might make the legislators more amenable to renumbering them to U.S. Route numbers. The following day, August 4, upon a motion of Robert M. Morton of California, the U.S. shield including the state name was approved without debate.<ref name="FHWA planning"/>

===Original version===
[[File:US 27 Michigan 1926.svg|100px|thumb|right|Example of an original U.S. Route shield, with the state name of "Michigan" and route number of "27" displayed in the original block font]]

The original design of the shield was presented in the January 1927 edition of the ''Manual and Specifications for the Manufacture, Display, and Erection of U.S. Standard Road Markers and Signs'', the precursor to the ''[[Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices]]'' (MUTCD), published by the [[American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials|American Association of State Highway Officials]] (AASHO).{{#tag:ref|AASHO was renamed the [[American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials]] (AASHTO) on November 11, 1973.<ref>{{cite web |author = Federal Highway Administration |date = December 4, 2012 |url = https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/byday/fhbd1113.htm |title = November 13 |work = Highway History |publisher = Federal Highway Administration |access-date = August 18, 2013 }}</ref>|name=AASHTO|group=lower-alpha}} The background of the shield was specified as white while the text legend and borders were black. The shield was specified with a height of {{convert|16|in|cm}} and a width of {{convert|16.5|in|cm}}. The surface of the shield was itself in the shape of the shield, that is, the metal was ''cut out'' in the shape of the shield. A border of {{convert|3/8|in|cm}} formed the outline of the shield, with a crossbar of the same width dividing the crown from the main body of the shield.<ref name="1927-MUTCD">{{cite book |author = American Association of State Highway Officials |author-link = American Association of State Highway Officials |author2 = Bureau of Public Roads |author2-link = Bureau of Public Roads |title = Manual and Specifications for the Manufacture, Display, and Erection of U.S. Standard Road Markers and Signs |date = January 1927 |edition = 1st |location = Washington, D.C. |publisher = American Association of State Highway Officials |url = https://ceprofs.civil.tamu.edu/ghawkins/1927-AASHO.htm |access-date = June 4, 2010 |via = [[Texas A&M University]] |oclc = 19617464 }}</ref>

The name of the state erecting the shield was displayed {{convert|2|in|cm}} high in the crown, above the crossbar. Immediately below the crossbar were the letters "U S", also {{convert|2|in|cm}} high. Below this was the route number, {{convert|5|in|cm}} tall. A variant of the shield, intended for city use, measured slightly smaller at {{convert|11+23/32|x|11+11/32|in|cm}}. This version of the shield featured a simplified legend, with "U S" moved to the crown of the shield and the state name omitted. The manual also allowed for the city variant of the shield to be stenciled on culverts and bridge posts.<ref name="1927-MUTCD"/>

A standardized block typeface was used to simplify the painting process, to allow illiterate signpainters to be employed.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}} Much like the modern [[FHWA Series]] typefaces, several levels of condensation were available, from Series A (the narrowest) up to Series F (the widest). Because the standardized font was often made available to the states in die-punch form, shields were usually [[embossing (manufacturing)|embossed]].

===1948 version===
[[File:Old US 6 US 202 shields.jpg|thumb|right|1948-style shields for US&nbsp;6 and US&nbsp;202 in Connecticut, with the state name abbreviated]]

The 1948 edition of the MUTCD introduced the first change to the U.S. Route shield since its appearance in the 1927 AASHO manual.  The old block typefaces were replaced by the modern [[Highway Gothic|FHWA Series]] typefaces, which had since been developed. The shield shape and size, letter height, and layout was otherwise identical to the prior version.<ref name="1948-MUTCD">{{cite book |author1 = American Association of State Highway Officials |author2 = Institute of Traffic Engineers |author3 = National Conference on Street and Highway Safety |location = Washington, D.C. |publisher = Bureau of Public Roads |title = Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices For Streets and Highways |year = 1948 |edition = 1948 |url = https://ceprofs.civil.tamu.edu/ghawkins/1948-MUTCD.htm |via = Texas A&M University |access-date = June 5, 2010 |oclc = 5166173 }}</ref>

The 1948 MUTCD also included a specification for an "oversize" route marker, intended for major highway junctions in rural areas, as well as for special emphasis in urban areas. This shield was printed on a square blank, {{convert|24|x|24|in|cm}}, twice the size of the cutout shield. This version of the shield was much simplified, with the crossbar, state name, and "U&nbsp;S" omitted. The portion of the blank falling outside of the shield outline was white.<ref name="1948-MUTCD"/>

===1961 version===
[[File:Southbound beginning US 277.jpg|thumb|right|Modern (left) and 1961 (right) shields in Newcastle, Oklahoma; the older shield uses the FHWA Series A typeface, which has since been discontinued.]]
The next version of the MUTCD, the 1961 edition, made further alterations to the U.S. route shield. The {{convert|16|x|16|in|cm|adj=on}} cutout shield was retained, but its use was restricted to [[reassurance marker]] contexts. Turn, junction, and trailblazer shields were to always use the oversize marker, which had been modified to use a black, rather than white, background surrounding the shield.<ref name="1961-MUTCD">{{cite book |author1 = National Joint Committee on Uniform Traffic Control Devices |author2 = American Association of State Highway Officials |title = Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways |year = 1961 |edition = 1961 |location = Washington, D.C. |publisher = Bureau of Public Roads |oclc = 35841771 |url = http://www.trafficsign.us/1961mutcd.html |via = TrafficSign.us |access-date = June 5, 2010 }}</ref>

A supplemental AASHO publication outlining signage and pavement markings on the nascent [[Interstate Highway System]], also published in 1961, included a variant of the shield intended for freeway use (such as for U.S. routes [[concurrency (road)|running concurrently]] with Interstates). This shield, the same size as the oversize marker, was a simplified cutout shield, containing only the outer border, "U&nbsp;S", and the route marker. Unlike the federally specified shields up to this point, this specification included a wider version, {{convert|28|x|24|in|cm}} for three-digit routes. This version of the shield is still used in California, the only state to still specify a cutout shield.<ref name="aasho-manual-1961">{{cite book |author1 = American Association of State Highway Officials |author2 = Bureau of Public Roads |title = Manual for Signing and Pavement for the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways |year = 1961 |edition = 1961 |location = Washington, D.C. |publisher = 	American Association of State Highway Officials |oclc = 43890586 }}</ref>