Editing USS Newark (C-1) (section)

==Design and construction==
[[File:U.S.S. Newark, engine room.jpg|thumb|USS ''Newark'', engine room]]
''Newark'' was designed in 1885 by the Navy's [[Bureau of Construction and Repair]] and [[Bureau of Steam Engineering]], based on specifications developed by a special advisory board convened by [[Secretary of the Navy]] [[William Collins Whitney|William C. Whitney]]. The new board was convened when Whitney felt the [[Naval Advisory Board]]'s design was inadequate.<ref name=Friedman1>Friedman, pp. 25, 458</ref> ''Newark''{{'}}s uniform main armament of twelve 6-inch guns resulted from the need to mount guns in [[sponson]]s to increase their [[arc of fire]]. Rear Admiral [[Edward Simpson (naval officer)|Edward Simpson]], president of the Naval Advisory Board, commented that it was impossible to mount 8-inch guns on sponsons in a 4,000-ton ship.<ref name=Friedman1/> She also had a complete armored deck in accordance with European practice.<ref name=Conways1/>

''Newark'' was armed with 12 [[6"/30 caliber gun|{{convert|6|in|adj=on|0}}/30]] [[caliber (artillery)|caliber]] Mark 3 guns<ref name=NavWeaps1>[http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNUS_6-30_mk1.htm DiGiulian, Tony, US 6"/30, 6"/35, and 6"/40 guns at Navweaps.com]</ref> in sponsons along the sides. This allowed ahead and astern fire by up to four guns.<ref name=NavSource1>[http://www.navsource.org/archives/04/c1/c1.htm Photo gallery of ''Newark'' at NavSource Naval History]</ref> Secondary armament was four [[QF 6-pounder Hotchkiss|6-pounder ({{convert|57|mm|in|abbr=on}}) guns]], four [[QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss|3-pounder]] ({{convert|47|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}) [[Hotchkiss revolving cannon]], two 1-pounder ({{convert|37|mm|in|abbr=on}}) Hotchkiss revolving cannon, and four [[.45-70|.45 caliber]] (11.4&nbsp;mm) [[Gatling gun]]s.<ref name=Conways1/><ref name=Friedman1/> Six 14-inch (356&nbsp;mm) [[torpedo tube]]s were included in the design but never mounted.<ref name=Register1/>

''Newark'' had {{convert|2|in|mm|abbr=on}} [[gun shield]]s and a {{convert|3|in|mm|abbr=on}} [[conning tower]]. The complete armored deck was up to {{convert|3|in|mm|abbr=on}} on its sloped sides and aft, {{convert|2|in|mm|abbr=on}} amidships and forward.<ref name=Conways1/> This was a significant improvement from the {{convert|1.5|in|mm|abbr=on}} partial deck of {{USS|Chicago|1885|2}}.<ref name=Conways1/>

The engineering plant included four coal-fired [[locomotive boiler]]s producing {{convert|160|psi|lk=on|abbr=on}} steam, with two horizontal [[Triple expansion steam engine#Multiple expansion engines|triple expansion engines]] totaling {{convert|8500|ihp|lk=on|abbr=on}} driving two shafts for a speed of {{convert|18|kn|lk=in}}.<ref name=Conways1/><ref name=Register1/><ref name=Friedman1/> Like other US Navy ships of the 1880s, she was built with a sail rig to increase cruising range, later removed. The ship carried up to 400 tons of coal, with a cruising range as built of {{convert|3922|nmi|lk=on|abbr=on}} at {{convert|10|kn|abbr=on}}; this could be increased to 850 tons for a range of {{convert|8333|nmi|lk=on|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Friedman1/>

===Refits===
In 1898 ''Newark''{{'}}s 6-inch guns were converted to [[quick-firing gun|rapid firing]].<ref name=Register1/> She was rebuilt in 1901–02 with [[6"/40 caliber gun|{{convert|6|in|adj=on|0}}/40]] caliber Mark 3 guns,<ref name=Conways1/><ref name=NavWeaps1/> with the secondary armament augmented or replaced by six [[3"/50 caliber gun|{{convert|3|in|adj=on|0}}/50 caliber guns]].<ref name=Register1/> The 3-inch guns were removed in 1908, and all armament was removed prior to her service as a [[hospital ship]] beginning in 1913.<ref name=Register1/>