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Ulaid
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==Name== Ulaid is a plural noun and originated as an [[ethnonym]]; however, Irish nomenclature followed a pattern where the names of population groups and apical ancestor figures became more and more associated with geographical areas even when the ruling dynasty had no links to that figure, and this was the case with the Ulaid.<ref name="Byrne46"/><ref name="Clontarf7-8"/><ref name="MacNeill60"/> Ulaid was also known as ''Cóiced Ulad'', the "Fifth of Ulster", and was one of the legendary five provinces of Ireland. After the subsequent loss of territory to the [[Airgíalla]] and [[Northern Uí Néill]], the eastern remnant of the province that formed medieval Ulaid was alternatively known as ''in Cóiced'', in reference to the unconquered part of ''Cóiced Ulad''.<ref name="MacNeill651"/> The Ulaid are likely the Ούολουντιοι (''Uoluntii'' or ''Voluntii'') mentioned in [[Ptolemy]]'s 2nd century ''[[Geographia (Ptolemy)|Geographia]]''.<ref name="Ptolemy"/> This may be a corruption of Ούλουτοι (''Uluti''). The name is likely derived from the Gaelic ''ul'', meaning "[[beard]]".<ref>Karl Horst Schmidt, "Insular P- and Q-Celtic", in Martin J. Ball and James Fife (eds.), ''The Celtic Languages'', Routledge, 1993, p. 67</ref> The late 7th-century writer, Muirchú, spells Ulaid as ''Ulothi'' in his work the ''Life of Patrick''.<ref name="MIaE493"/> Ulaid has historically been anglicised as ''Ulagh'' or ''Ullagh''<ref name="Library"/> and Latinized as ''Ulidia'' or ''Ultonia''.<ref name="Hack38"/><ref name="ANHoI17"/><ref name="Tracts"/> The latter two have yielded the terms ''Ulidian'' and ''Ultonian''. The Irish word for someone from Ulaid is ''Ultach'' (also spelt as ''Ultaigh'' and ''Ultagh''),<ref name="Hack38"/><ref name="Surnames">Robert Bell; ''The book of Ulster Surnames'', page 180. The Blackstaff Press, 2003. {{ISBN|0-85640-602-3}}</ref> which in Latin became ''Ultonii'' and ''Ultoniensis''.<ref name="Hack38"/> Ulaid gave its name to the province of Ulster, though the exact composition of it is disputed: it may derive from ''Ulaidh'' with or without the Norse genitive ''s'' and Irish ''tír'' ("land, country, earth"),<ref name="Bardon27"/><ref name="Clontarf26"/> or else the second element may be Norse ''-ster'' (meaning "place", common in Shetland and Norway).<ref name="Isaac"/><ref name="UHC"/> The Ulaid are also referred to as being of the ''[[Clanna Rudraige]]'', a late form of group name.<ref name="Cultures"/>
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