Editing Unisphere (section)

== History ==
[[Flushing Meadows–Corona Park]], a former ash dump in the [[Borough (New York City)|New York City borough]] of [[Queens]], was used for the [[1939 New York World's Fair|1939/1940 New York World's Fair]]. At the conclusion of the fair, it was used as a park.<ref>{{cite news|date=August 15, 1940|title=Ready to Turn Fair Into Park; Moses Tells Mayor His Plans Are Set|page=14|work=[[The Sun (New York City)|The Sun]]|via=[[fultonhistory.com]]|url=http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252018%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201940%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201940%2520a%2520-%25204231.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729132724/http://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%2018/New%20York%20NY%20Sun/New%20York%20NY%20Sun%201940/New%20York%20NY%20Sun%201940%20a%20-%204231.pdf |archive-date=2019-07-29 |url-status=live|access-date=March 27, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=July 13, 1949|title=Flushing Meadow|page=4|work=Long Island Star-Journal|via=[[fultonhistory.com]]|url=http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252014%2FLong%2520Island%2520City%2520NY%2520Star%2520Journal%2FLong%2520Island%2520City%2520NY%2520Star%2520Journal%25201949%2FLong%2520Island%2520%2520City%2520NY%2520Star%2520Journal%25201949%2520-%25204917.pdf|access-date=March 27, 2017|archive-date=January 23, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123222858/https://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%2014/Long%20Island%20City%20NY%20Star%20Journal/Long%20Island%20City%20NY%20Star%20Journal%201949/Long%20Island%20%20City%20NY%20Star%20Journal%201949%20-%204917.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The Flushing Meadows site was selected in 1959 for the [[1964 New York World's Fair]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ruI0AQAAMAAJ&pg=SA1-PA10|title=La Guardia International Airport and John F. Kennedy International Airport, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Airport Access Program, Automated Guideway Transit System (NY, NJ): Environmental Impact Statement|date=June 1994|publisher=[[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]], [[United States Department of Transportation]], [[Federal Aviation Administration]], [[New York State Department of Transportation]]|pages=1.11|access-date=November 4, 2019|archive-date=January 23, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123222858/https://books.google.com/books?id=ruI0AQAAMAAJ&pg=SA1-PA10|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Gilmore David Clarke]] and Michael Rapuano, designers of the original World's Fair layout, were retained to tailor the original 1939 park layout for the new fair.<ref>{{cite web|date=May 3, 2015|title=Flushing Meadows-Corona Park: Historic Preservation Studio|url=https://issuu.com/barrettreiter/docs/fmcp_hpstudioii2015_printedition_re|access-date=March 31, 2017|publisher=[[Columbia Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation]]|page=16|archive-date=April 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401145529/https://issuu.com/barrettreiter/docs/fmcp_hpstudioii2015_printedition_re|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NYCL p. 3">{{harvnb|ps=.|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1995|page=3}}</ref> New York City parks commissioner [[Robert Moses]] was president of the World's Fair Corporation, which leased the park from the city until 1967, after the fair's completion.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Schumach|first=Murray|date=June 4, 1967|title=Moses Gives City Fair Site as Park; Flushing Meadows in Queens Becomes the 2d Biggest Recreation Area Here|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url-access=subscription|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1967/06/04/archives/moses-gives-city-fair-site-as-park-flushing-meadows-in-queens.html|access-date=November 4, 2019|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=April 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407072907/https://www.nytimes.com/1967/06/04/archives/moses-gives-city-fair-site-as-park-flushing-meadows-in-queens.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Planning===
After the 1964 fair was announced, Moses wished to make a symbol that represented the fair's theme of "Peace Through Understanding",<ref name="n82219504" /><ref name="NYC Parks Unisphere">{{cite web|title=Unisphere|url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/flushing-meadows-corona-park/highlights/12761|access-date=July 26, 2021|publisher=[[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]]|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201230918/https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/flushing-meadows-corona-park/highlights/12761|url-status=live}}</ref> which would also have some "significance or meaning for the average person".<ref name="n82219504">{{Cite news|date=May 16, 1995|title=Queens History: the Unisphere|pages=10|work=Newsday|via=newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82219504/queens-history-the-unisphere/|access-date=July 26, 2021|archive-date=July 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726170228/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82219504/queens-history-the-unisphere/|url-status=live}}</ref> The symbol would also celebrate the beginning of the space age.<ref name="NYC Parks Unisphere" /> Moses first asked designer [[Walter Dorwin Teague]] to make a "Theme Center". Teague designed the center as a {{Convert|170|ft|4=-tall|adj=mid}} inverted cone surrounded by a spiral, rising from a reflecting pool. Moses declined the proposal, calling it a "cross between a part of a brake engine and a bed spring, or should I say between a Malayan Tapir and a window shutter".<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 1032">{{harvnb|Stern|Mellins|Fishman|1995|ps=.|p=1032}}</ref> Another proposal was devised by [[Paul Rudolph (architect)|Paul Rudolph]] on behalf of the [[Portland Cement Association]]. This plan called for a saucer measuring {{Convert|300|ft}} in diameter and tilted 18 degrees from the ground, with a restaurant, exhibits, educational and recreational facilities, and "planetary viewing stations".<ref>{{cite magazine|date=Jul 1961|title=Moon-viewing Platform Shows Concrete|url=https://usmodernist.org/PA/PA-1961-07.pdf|journal=Progressive Architecture|volume=42|pages=45|access-date=March 30, 2021|archive-date=June 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619022519/https://usmodernist.org/PA/PA-1961-07.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|title=Rudolph Designs for the New York Fair|url=https://usmodernist.org/AR/AR-1961-07.pdf|journal=Architectural Record|volume=43|issue=7|pages=12|access-date=March 30, 2021|archive-date=June 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619022706/https://usmodernist.org/AR/AR-1961-07.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Moses also rejected Rudolph's proposal.<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 1032" />

The idea for the Unisphere occurred in September 1960 as Clarke was doodling on an airplane from Ohio to New York.<ref name="p115522865">{{cite news|last=Robbins|first=William|date=August 16, 1964|title=Doodle Grew Into the Unisphere, With Help From a Rubber Ball|page=R1|work=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|id={{ProQuest|115522865}}}}</ref><ref name="p750198061">{{cite news|last=Campanella|first=Thomas J.|date=September 11, 2010|title=Leisure & Arts – Architecture: Icon of a Fair, a Borough, the World|page=W.13|work=The Wall Street Journal|issn=0099-9660|id={{ProQuest|750198061}}}}</ref> Clarke had sketched a metal armillary on the rear of an envelope.<ref name="NYC Parks Unisphere" /><ref name="p750198061" /><ref name="Rogers 2017">{{cite web|last=Rogers|first=Adam|date=May 23, 2017|title=What the Unisphere Tells Us About America at the Dawn of the Space Age|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/unisphere-america-dawn-space-age-180963244/|access-date=March 30, 2021|website=Smithsonian Magazine|archive-date=April 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413000106/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/unisphere-america-dawn-space-age-180963244/|url-status=live}}</ref> By the time he got to his office, Clarke had refined his plan into a revolving globe with rings of latitude and longitude. Clarke asked another architect working under his office, William S. Boice, to sketch the structure. Since the method of the sculpture's revolution had not yet been determined, Boice drew fountains to conceal the base.<ref name="p115522865" /> The Unisphere was conceptually designed in aluminum with metallic mesh continents.<ref name="NYCL p. 3" /><ref name="AR 1964">{{cite magazine|last=Schmertz|first=Mildred F.|date=July 1964|title=Architecture at the New York World's Fair|url=https://usmodernist.org/AR/AR-1964-07.pdf|journal=Architectural Record|volume=136|page=150|access-date=July 27, 2020|archive-date=July 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727215444/https://usmodernist.org/AR/AR-1964-07.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The globe would be tilted 23.5 degrees and would measure {{Convert|160|ft}} across. Capital cities would be represented on the globe by three sizes of lights, with larger lights for capitals deemed more important.<ref name="p750198061" /> Clarke showed the plan to Moses, who approved of it.<ref name="p115522865" />

Moses announced plans for the Unisphere in February 1961.<ref name="nyt19610215">{{Cite news|date=February 15, 1961|title=A 120-Foot Steel 'Unisphere' Will Be Symbol of the '64 Fair|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url-access=subscription|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1961/02/15/archives/a-120foot-steel-unisphere-will-be-symbol-of-the-64-fair.html|access-date=November 4, 2019|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=March 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308213052/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/02/15/archives/a-120foot-steel-unisphere-will-be-symbol-of-the-64-fair.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=February 14, 1961|title='Unisphere' Is Fair's Symbol|pages=4|work=Newsday|via=newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82192966/unisphere-is-fairs-symbol/|access-date=July 26, 2021|archive-date=July 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726015224/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82192966/unisphere-is-fairs-symbol/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Unisphere would be erected at the site of the [[Trylon and Perisphere|Perisphere of the 1939 World's Fair]] which was dismantled after the Fair,<ref name="nyt19610215" /><ref name="PA 1961-03">{{cite magazine|date=Mar 1961|title=Plus Ça Change|url=https://usmodernist.org/PA/PA-1961-03.pdf|journal=Progressive Architecture|volume=42|pages=64|number=3|access-date=July 26, 2021|archive-date=July 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726185148/https://usmodernist.org/PA/PA-1961-03.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Moses commented that he "never understood" the Perisphere and its Trylon.<ref name="nyt19610215" /><ref name="Stern (1995) p. 1033" /> According to Moses, the Unisphere "illustrates, symbolizes and embodies man's achievements on a shrinking globe in an expanding universe".<ref>{{harvnb|Stern|Mellins|Fishman|1995|ps=.|pp=1032–1033}}</ref> The structure was to be constructed by [[American Bridge Company]], a division of [[U.S. Steel]].<ref name="NYCL p. 3" /><ref name="Stern (1995) p. 1032" /><ref name="AR 1964" /> Further refinements were made by another of Clarke's architects, Peter Martecchini, who decided to place three columns at the globe's pedestal after playing with a rubber ball belonging to one of his sons.<ref name="p115522865" /> Martecchini developed a working model for a moving platform, composed of three pegs, each topped by a pair of metal disks and a toothed disk with a bolt, supporting a plywood platform.<ref name="p115522865" /> A model of the proposed work was unveiled in 1962.<ref>{{Cite news|date=April 24, 1962|title=Unisphere at 1964 World's Fair to Be 12 Stories High|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url-access=subscription|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1962/04/24/archives/unisphere-at-1964-worlds-fair-to-be-12-stories-high.html|access-date=November 4, 2019|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=March 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308232114/https://www.nytimes.com/1962/04/24/archives/unisphere-at-1964-worlds-fair-to-be-12-stories-high.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Clarke's idea underwent a further refined industrial design in stainless steel by industrial designers at [[Peter Muller-Munk Associates]].<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 1032" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Kracklauer|first=Beth|date=November 19, 2015|title=Mass-Market Masterpieces: The Designs of Peter Muller-Munk|language=en-US|work=The Wall Street Journal|url-access=subscription|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/mass-market-masterpieces-the-designs-of-peter-muller-munk-1447953339|access-date=July 27, 2020|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=October 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018033659/https://www.wsj.com/articles/mass-market-masterpieces-the-designs-of-peter-muller-munk-1447953339|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Gopnik|first=Blake|author-link=Blake Gopnik|date=July 9, 2015|title=Carnegie Museum to Open a Survey of the Designer Peter Muller-Munk|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url-access=limited|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/10/arts/design/carnegie-museum-to-open-a-survey-of-the-designer-peter-muller-munk.html|access-date=July 27, 2020|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=July 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727165537/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/10/arts/design/carnegie-museum-to-open-a-survey-of-the-designer-peter-muller-munk.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Some of the original design details were controversial. Several landmasses such as [[Cyprus]] and [[Crete]] had been left out of the original design, and the lights representing capital cities were criticized on the grounds that the process of selecting "important" capitals was subjective.<ref name="p750198061" /> U.S. Steel rejected the idea of a spinning globe due to high costs, though it did retain Martecchini's idea of a three-pointed pedestal.<ref name="p115522865" /><ref name="p750198061" /> In addition, the globe was reduced from {{Convert|150|to|120|ft}} after Clarke talked with U.S. Steel's board chairman [[Roger Blough]], who said the globe would only be as high as a ten-story brick building outside his office.<ref name="p115522865" /> The final design was similar to the original, but the fountains were arranged differently.<ref name="NYCL p. 3" /><ref name="Stern (1995) p. 1033" />

=== Construction and World's Fair ===
{{multiple image
| align = center
| direction = horizontal
| width =
| image1 = Unisphere construction.jpg
| alt1 = A set of eight photographs showing the Unisphere under construction in the 1960s<
| caption1 = The Unisphere under construction in the 1960s<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/916a9906-eec5-f8ab-e040-e00a180606c5|title=Unisphere (under construction)|website=NYPL Digital Collections|access-date=November 13, 2016|archive-date=March 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308020308/https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/916a9906-eec5-f8ab-e040-e00a180606c5|url-status=live}}</ref>
| image2 = Unisphere, 1960.png
| caption2 = A crane eases the last segment of the Unisphere into place to complete the structure
| total_width = 500
| alt2 = A crane installing the last segment of the Unisphere
}}
Construction on the Unisphere started on March 6, 1963.<ref name="p510430255">{{cite news|date=March 7, 1963|title=Unisphere Takes Shape|page=2|work=The Christian Science Monitor|id={{ProQuest|510430255}}}}</ref> The globe was built within 110 days,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Unisphere, 1960 – Photos – New York: The 1960s|newspaper=New York Daily News|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/new-york-city-1960s-gallery-1.1038782?pmSlide=1.1038739|access-date=November 13, 2016|archive-date=October 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025104601/https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/new-york-city-1960s-gallery-1.1038782?pmSlide=1.1038739|url-status=live}}</ref> and the last landmass was installed on August 13, 1963.<ref>{{Cite news|date=August 13, 1963|title=Section Added to Unisphere|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url-access=subscription|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1963/08/13/archives/section-added-to-unisphere.html|access-date=November 4, 2019|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=March 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308172511/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/08/13/archives/section-added-to-unisphere.html|url-status=live}}</ref> When the Unisphere was being built, Blough took credit for the structure. He also gave an award to M. Legrain-Eiffel, whose grandfather [[Gustave Eiffel]]'s company had designed and built the [[Eiffel Tower]].<ref name="p510430255" /><ref name="vv19630314">{{cite news|date=March 14, 1963|title=Moses' Orb holds Sway Over Fair|page=7|work=The Village Voice|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=KEtq3P1Vf8oC&dat=19630314&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|access-date=March 30, 2021|via=Google News|archive-date=January 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101112327/http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=KEtq3P1Vf8oC&dat=19630314&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> The Unisphere was dedicated in early March 1964,<ref name="vv19630314" /> and the base of the Unisphere hosted a dance [[Ball (dance party)|ball]] the same month, attended by four hundred people.<ref>{{Cite news|date=March 7, 1964|title=400 Attend Unisphere Ball In Salute to Fair at Arts Club|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url-access=subscription|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/03/07/archives/400-attend-unisphere-ball-in-salute-to-fair-at-arts-club.html|access-date=July 26, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=July 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726015224/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/03/07/archives/400-attend-unisphere-ball-in-salute-to-fair-at-arts-club.html|url-status=live}}</ref> U.S. Steel constructed the Unisphere for free; as compensation, the company's name was placed on marketing materials throughout the fair.<ref name="NYC Parks Unisphere" />

[[File:Unisphere.jpg|thumb|alt=Aerial view of paths during the 1964–1965 World's Fair, with the Unisphere at the end of one path on the left|The then-newly-built Unisphere during the 1964–1965 World's Fair]]

The globe became the icon of the 1964 World's Fair.<ref name="n82219504" /><ref name="Stern (1995) p. 1032" /><ref name="NYCL p. 4" /> A special commemorative stamp issue was issued starting in April 1964, depicting fair attractions such as the Unisphere.<ref>{{Cite news|date=March 15, 1964|title=The World of Stamps; View of Mall Marks Issue for the Fair|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url-access=subscription|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/03/15/archives/the-world-of-stamps-view-of-mall-marks-issue-for-the-fair.html|access-date=July 26, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=July 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726015224/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/03/15/archives/the-world-of-stamps-view-of-mall-marks-issue-for-the-fair.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The globe was also depicted on media and souvenirs promoting the fair.<ref>{{Cite news|date=July 25, 1962|title=Fair's Unisphere Will Get a Lot of Mileage|pages=30|work=New York Daily News|via=newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82229160/fairs-unisphere-will-get-a-lot-of/|access-date=July 26, 2021|archive-date=July 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726185148/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82229160/fairs-unisphere-will-get-a-lot-of/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Unisphere's popularity was also increased by the presence of fountainheads around the globe's base, which cooled down fair visitors on hot days.<ref>{{Cite news|date=May 24, 1964|title=Fair's Fountains Prove Handy as Air-Conditioners|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url-access=subscription|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/24/archives/fairs-fountains-prove-handy-as-airconditioners.html|access-date=July 26, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=July 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726170226/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/24/archives/fairs-fountains-prove-handy-as-airconditioners.html|url-status=live}}</ref> During the fair, dramatic lighting at night gave the effect of sunrise moving over the surface of the globe. Additionally, the capitals of nations were marked by lights.<ref name="p750198061" /><ref name="NYCL p. 4" /> One of these lights is placed at the location of the [[Kahnawake]] First Nations reserve, which the [[Mohawk people|Mohawk]] ironworkers requested to be placed there to honor their labor.<ref>{{cite web|title=Unisphere|website=Place Matters|date=September 24, 2015|url=http://www.placematters.net/node/1564|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924073917/http://www.placematters.net/node/1564|archive-date=September 24, 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=July 27, 2020}}</ref> Over the course of the fair, many of its 51 million visitors passed by the Unisphere.<ref name="nyt20140418">{{Cite news|last=Robbins|first=Liz|date=April 18, 2014|title=Around the Unisphere at the World's Fair, Lives Changed|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url-access=limited|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/20/nyregion/around-the-unisphere-at-the-worlds-fair-lives-changed.html|access-date=March 30, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=February 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211214242/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/20/nyregion/around-the-unisphere-at-the-worlds-fair-lives-changed.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 1960s to 1990s ===
In March 1966, after the conclusion of the fair, U.S. Steel donated $100,000 to make the Unisphere a permanent attraction at Flushing Meadows–Corona Park.<ref>{{Cite news|date=March 21, 1966|title=U.S. Steel Donates A Fund to Maintain Unisphere at Fair|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url-access=subscription|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1966/03/21/archives/us-steel-donates-a-fund-to-maintain-unisphere-at-fair.html|access-date=November 4, 2019|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=March 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308121536/https://www.nytimes.com/1966/03/21/archives/us-steel-donates-a-fund-to-maintain-unisphere-at-fair.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="p510798784">{{cite news|date=March 22, 1966|title=Funds provided for Unisphere|page=16|work=The Christian Science Monitor|id={{ProQuest|510798784}}}}</ref> These funds were allocated toward a lighting system for the globe, as well as a water-recirculation system for the pools.<ref name="p510798784" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=April 4, 1966|title=Park on Fair Site Due in December; Last 23 Doomed Buildings to Be Torn Down by July|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url-access=subscription|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1966/04/04/archives/park-on-fair-site-due-in-december-last-23-doomed-buildings-to-be-to.html|access-date=July 26, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=July 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726015226/https://www.nytimes.com/1966/04/04/archives/park-on-fair-site-due-in-december-last-23-doomed-buildings-to-be-to.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The park was reopened the next year following a major renovation, and the Unisphere was permanently retained as a park feature.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Schumach|first=Murray|date=June 4, 1967|title=Moses Gives City Fair Site as Park; Flushing Meadows in Queens Becomes the 2d Biggest Recreation Area Here|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url-access=subscription|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1967/06/04/archives/moses-gives-city-fair-site-as-park-flushing-meadows-in-queens.html|access-date=July 27, 2020|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=April 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407072907/https://www.nytimes.com/1967/06/04/archives/moses-gives-city-fair-site-as-park-flushing-meadows-in-queens.html|url-status=live}}</ref>  At first, the park was lightly used, and a ''Newsday'' article in 1969 reported that the fountains at the Unisphere had been turned off.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Behrens|first=Dave|date=May 26, 1969|title=Skeleton of Fair Just Hints at What Was: On The Scene|pages=10, [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82191707/worlds-fair/ 11]|work=Newsday|via=newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82191610/skeleton-of-fair-just-hints-at-what/|access-date=July 26, 2021|archive-date=July 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726015226/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82191610/skeleton-of-fair-just-hints-at-what/|url-status=live}}</ref> The globe was covered in [[soot|grime]] by the 1970s, while the pools were shut off and tagged with graffiti.<ref name="NYCL p. 4" /> In 1978, the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]] tennis tournament was moved from the [[West Side Tennis Club]] in [[Forest Hills, Queens|Forest Hills]] to Flushing Meadows–Corona Park.<ref>{{Cite news|date=May 28, 1977|title=U.S. Open Site Goes Public for '78|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url-access=subscription|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/05/28/archives/us-open-site-goes-public-for-78.html|access-date=July 26, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=July 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726171030/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/05/28/archives/us-open-site-goes-public-for-78.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Parts of the park were repaired or expanded for the tournament, including the fountains of the Unisphere, which were reactivated in 1978 for the first time in ten years.<ref>{{Cite news|date=September 7, 1978|title=A Renewal: Fountains Spout Again|pages=2|work=Newsday|via=newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82192760/a-renewal-fountains-spout-again/|access-date=July 26, 2021|archive-date=July 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726015227/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82192760/a-renewal-fountains-spout-again/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Shaman|first=Diana|date=December 3, 1978|title=In Corona, They Look for a Lift From Tennis|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url-access=subscription|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/12/03/archives/in-corona-they-look-for-a-lift-from-tennis-corona-looks-for-a.html|access-date=July 26, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=July 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726170228/https://www.nytimes.com/1978/12/03/archives/in-corona-they-look-for-a-lift-from-tennis-corona-looks-for-a.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1983, officials celebrated the 300th anniversary of Queens's founding at the base of the Unisphere.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Shenon|first=Philip|date=June 5, 1983|title=At 300th Birthday Celebration, Queens Feels It's One of a Kind|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url-access=limited|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/06/05/nyregion/at-300th-birthday-celebration-queens-feels-it-s-one-of-a-kind.html|access-date=July 26, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=July 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726161007/https://www.nytimes.com/1983/06/05/nyregion/at-300th-birthday-celebration-queens-feels-it-s-one-of-a-kind.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Unisphere Africa 6212-001.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=Close-up of the Unisphere, with a steel landmass representing Africa|Close-up of [[Africa]]]]

Arne Abramowitz became administrator of Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in 1986 and soon began planning a renovation of the park.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rivera|first=Elaine|date=December 30, 1986|title=New Park Chief Building a Career in Open Spaces|pages=21|work=Newsday|via=newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82217784/new-park-chief-building-a-career-in/|access-date=July 26, 2021|archive-date=July 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726161020/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82217784/new-park-chief-building-a-career-in/|url-status=live}}</ref> The following year, the [[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]] (NYC Parks) announced an $80 million rehabilitation of the park.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Anderson|first=Susan Heller|date=November 19, 1987|title=Park in Queens to Get $80 Million Restoration|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url-access=limited|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/11/19/nyregion/park-in-queens-to-get-80-million-restoration.html|access-date=July 26, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=July 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726161015/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/11/19/nyregion/park-in-queens-to-get-80-million-restoration.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="nydn19870920">{{Cite news|last=Neugebauer|first=William|date=September 20, 1987|title=It may be the jewel in city park crown|pages=318, [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82216838/flushing-meadows/ 319]|work=New York Daily News|via=newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82216761/it-may-be-the-jewel-in-city-park-crown/|access-date=July 26, 2021|archive-date=July 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726161007/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82216761/it-may-be-the-jewel-in-city-park-crown/|url-status=live}}</ref> The renovation had been planned since the early 1980s but had been deferred due to a lack of funding. By this time, the city was shutting off the Unisphere's fountains during festivals to prevent people from wading into them.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Polsky|first=Carol|date=August 9, 1988|title=Flushing Meadows Stuck in Park|pages=9, [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82216396/queens-park-lurches-forward/ 24]|work=Newsday|via=newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82216298/flushing-meadows-stuck-in-park/|access-date=July 26, 2021|archive-date=July 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726161010/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82216298/flushing-meadows-stuck-in-park/|url-status=live}}</ref> The restoration called for new mechanical systems, lighting, retaining walls, benches, paving, and trees to be installed in Unisphere Plaza at a cost of between $5.7 and $5.9 million.<ref name="nydn19870920" /> A second phase would landscape the surrounding grounds for $40 million.<ref name="nydn19870920" /> In 1989, a NYC Parks official observed that landmasses of countries like India and Vietnam would be lifted from their mountings on particularly windy days.<ref name="NYC Parks Unisphere" />

The grounds around the Unisphere were landscaped in 1992,<ref>{{Cite news|date=May 17, 1992|title=Overdue facelift for park in works|pages=207, [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82217132/ 216], [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82217226/ 217]|work=Newsday|via=newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82217067/overdue-facelift-for-park-in-works/|access-date=July 26, 2021|archive-date=July 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726161013/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82217067/overdue-facelift-for-park-in-works/|url-status=live}}</ref> but the renovation of the Unisphere itself was delayed due to a lack of money.<ref name="n82217977">{{Cite news|last=Smith|first=Ray|date=October 27, 1991|title=World's Fair-est Park? Flushing Meadows soon to have new face|pages=202, [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82218112/flushing-meadows-restoration/ 203]|work=Newsday|via=newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82217977/worlds-fair-est-park-flushing-meadows/|access-date=July 26, 2021|archive-date=July 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726161015/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82217977/worlds-fair-est-park-flushing-meadows/|url-status=live}}</ref> Preservationists objected when some of the trees around the Unisphere, dating to the 1964 World's Fair, were removed and replaced with trees that were easier to maintain.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Serant|first=Claire|date=August 22, 1991|title=Felled park trees trigger outrage|pages=383|work=New York Daily News|via=newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82218779/felled-park-trees-trigger-outrage/|access-date=July 26, 2021|archive-date=July 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726161008/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82218779/felled-park-trees-trigger-outrage/|url-status=live}}</ref> The restoration of the Unisphere, which began in 1993, included numerous structural repairs and removal of grime accumulation on the steel. The fountains were replaced and new floodlighting was installed.<ref name="Huang 1994">{{cite news|via=newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38447214/|title=Let us spray for Unisphere|last=Huang|first=Vivian|date=June 1, 1994|work=New York Daily News|access-date=November 4, 2019|page=293|archive-date=January 23, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123222859/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38447214/let-us-spray-for-unisphere/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|ps=.|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1995|page=5}}</ref> Furthermore, two of the surrounding lawns were planted with rose gardens.<ref name="Muschamp 1994">{{Cite news|url-access=limited|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/09/02/arts/summer-s-last-hurrah-the-final-fling-before-the-fall-recircling-the-globe.html|title=Summer's Last Hurrah: The Final Fling Before the Fall; Recircling the Globe|last=Muschamp|first=Herbert|author-link=Herbert Muschamp|date=September 2, 1994|work=The New York Times|access-date=November 4, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=October 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019233411/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/09/02/arts/summer-s-last-hurrah-the-final-fling-before-the-fall-recircling-the-globe.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=October 10, 1991|title=Unisphere Shaping Up for New Look|pages=35|work=Newsday|via=newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82195297/unisphere-shaping-up-for-new-look/|access-date=July 26, 2021|archive-date=July 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726023506/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82195297/unisphere-shaping-up-for-new-look/|url-status=live}}</ref> As part of the park-wide renovation, the entrance of the [[Queens Museum]], to the west, was relocated so it faced the Unisphere directly, rather than in the opposite direction.<ref>{{Cite news|date=December 11, 1994|title=New/Old Entry for the Queens Museum; Once Again, Face to Face With the Unisphere|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url-access=limited|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/12/11/realestate/new-old-entry-for-the-queens-museum-once-again-face-to-face-with-the-unisphere.html|access-date=July 26, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=July 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726161017/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/12/11/realestate/new-old-entry-for-the-queens-museum-once-again-face-to-face-with-the-unisphere.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Stern|Fishman|Tilove|2006|ps=.|p=1312}}</ref> The restoration was completed in May 1994.<ref name="Huang 1994" /><ref name="Muschamp 1994" /> Architectural critic [[Herbert Muschamp]] wrote that, while "nothing can compensate for the loss of context around this metallic centerpiece", the globe had started to gleam "with something like its former high spirits".<ref name="Muschamp 1994" /> That year, the Annual Building Awards in Queens gave the Unisphere an award for best rehabilitation.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Belluck|first=Pam|author-link=Pam Belluck|date=October 11, 1995|title=Queens Beauty Contest: Basic Brick Is Beautiful|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url-access=limited|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/11/nyregion/queens-beauty-contest-basic-brick-is-beautiful.html|access-date=November 4, 2019|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=March 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308144718/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/11/nyregion/queens-beauty-contest-basic-brick-is-beautiful.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In February 1995, several Queens residents petitioned to the [[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] (LPC) to designate the Unisphere as an official city landmark. Although the structure was only thirty years old, one speaker said "its symbolism precedes its age".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Avashti|first=Surabhi|date=February 15, 1995|title=Finding history, new & old, at 3 sites|pages=1265|work=New York Daily News|via=newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82228649/finding-history-new-old-at-3-sites/|access-date=July 26, 2021|archive-date=July 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726185148/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82228649/finding-history-new-old-at-3-sites/|url-status=live}}</ref> At the time, there were relatively few city landmarks in Queens compared to the total number of landmarks citywide, but other structures such as the [[Lewis H. Latimer House]] and [[Vander Ende–Onderdonk House]] were receiving landmark protection.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bazzi|first=Mohamad|date=March 26, 1995|title=Overlooked Treasures|pages=54|work=Newsday|via=newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82228889/overlooked-treasures/|access-date=July 26, 2021|archive-date=July 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726185148/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82228889/overlooked-treasures/|url-status=live}}</ref> The LPC designated the Unisphere as a landmark that May.<ref>{{Cite enc-nyc2}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|via=newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38447505/|title=Unisphere nears landmark status|last=Avashti|first=Surabhi|date=May 15, 1995|work=New York Daily News|access-date=November 4, 2019|page=292|archive-date=January 23, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123222900/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38447505/unisphere-nears-landmark-status/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|id={{ProQuest|430178599}} |title=Neighborhood Report: Flushing Meadows – Corona Park; Safe at Last |date=May 14, 1995 |page=13.8 |work=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Though the landmark status ensured the Unisphere's preservation, other relics of the 1939 and 1964 World's Fairs had become dilapidated or were being demolished at the same time.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Leduff|first=Charlie|author-link=Charlie LeDuff|date=March 17, 1996|title=Neighborhood Report: Flushing; Preserving The Relics Of the Fairs|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url-access=limited|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/17/nyregion/neighborhood-report-flushing-preserving-the-relics-of-the-fairs.html|access-date=July 26, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=July 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726170230/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/17/nyregion/neighborhood-report-flushing-preserving-the-relics-of-the-fairs.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2000s to present ===
[[File:Unisphere-22972.jpg|thumb|alt=Fountains around the base of the Unisphere|Fountains around the Unisphere]]
The fountains at the Unisphere's base were shut off in 2001 due to citywide water restrictions; they were not reactivated until early 2003, seventeen months later.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Cardwell|first=Diane|date=April 17, 2003|title=Throw a Coin and Hear a Splash: City Fills Its Fountains|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url-access=limited|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/17/nyregion/throw-a-coin-and-hear-a-splash-city-fills-its-fountains.html|access-date=July 26, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=July 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726170232/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/17/nyregion/throw-a-coin-and-hear-a-splash-city-fills-its-fountains.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The pool around the globe was also drained because Mayor [[Michael Bloomberg]] had prohibited water from being used for ornamental purposes.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Barron|first=James|author-link=James Barron (journalist)|date=April 21, 2002|title=Water, Water Nowhere, So the Fountains Stay Dry|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url-access=limited|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/21/nyregion/water-water-nowhere-so-the-fountains-stay-dry.html|access-date=July 26, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=July 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726170226/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/21/nyregion/water-water-nowhere-so-the-fountains-stay-dry.html|url-status=live}}</ref> By 2008, city officials planned to fix the pipes under the Unisphere.<ref name="nydn20080916">{{Cite news|date=September 16, 2008|title=Unisphere work to restore its misty mystique|pages=65|work=New York Daily News|via=newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82222093/unisphere-work-to-restore-its-misty/|access-date=July 26, 2021|last=Hirshon|first=Nicholas|archive-date=July 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726172425/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82222093/unisphere-work-to-restore-its-misty/|url-status=live}}</ref> At the time, the fountains leaked excessively; to save money, NYC Parks only operated the fountains throughout the entire day whenever the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]] was being held.<ref name="nydn20080916" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Kilgannon|first=Corey|date=August 25, 2011|title=Circling the Unisphere, a Borough's Backyard|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url-access=limited|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/26/arts/flushing-meadows-corona-park-queens-a-boroughs-backyard.html|access-date=July 26, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=July 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726023506/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/26/arts/flushing-meadows-corona-park-queens-a-boroughs-backyard.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to concerns by city officials that people would wade into the pools, some officials had proposed several years prior that the Unisphere be surrounded by a fence or bushes, but former parks commissioner [[Henry Stern (New York politician)|Henry Stern]] had expressed opposition to such proposals.<ref name="nydn20080916" /> Local media reported in 2009 that grass had begun to grow within the steel mass representing Antarctica.<ref name="Hirshon 2009">{{cite web|last=Hirshon|first=Nicholas|date=August 21, 2009|title=Global warning? Grass grows on South Pole of Flushing Meadows' Unisphere|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/queens/global-warning-grass-grows-south-pole-flushing-meadows-unisphere-article-1.399679|access-date=July 26, 2021|website=New York Daily News|archive-date=July 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726023506/https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/queens/global-warning-grass-grows-south-pole-flushing-meadows-unisphere-article-1.399679|url-status=live}}</ref> NYC Parks officials suspected that bird feces and an accumulation of leaves had contributed to an environment in which seeds could germinate.<ref name="Hirshon 2009" /><ref>{{cite web|last=Carlson|first=Jen|date=August 21, 2009|title=Neglected Unisphere Sprouts Grass in Queens|url=http://gothamist.com/news/neglected-unisphere-sprouts-grass-in-queens|access-date=July 26, 2021|website=Gothamist|archive-date=July 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726023510/https://gothamist.com/news/neglected-unisphere-sprouts-grass-in-queens|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Unisphere's fountains were rededicated on August 12, 2010, after a $2 million restoration of the pumps, valves, and paintwork.<ref name="n82194889">{{cite news|last=Hirshon|first=Nicholas|date=August 13, 2010|title=Fountain's Return|newspaper=New York Daily News|via=newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82194889/fountains-return/|access-date=July 25, 2021|archive-date=July 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726023507/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82194889/fountains-return/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Carlson|first=Jen|date=August 14, 2010|title=Finally: Unisphere Fountain Restored!|url=http://gothamist.com/arts-entertainment/finally-unisphere-fountain-restored|access-date=July 27, 2020|website=Gothamist|language=en|archive-date=July 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727180423/https://gothamist.com/arts-entertainment/finally-unisphere-fountain-restored|url-status=live}}</ref> The refurbished fountains operated daily during the summer for the first time in more than two decades.<ref name="p750198061" /><ref name="n82194889" /> In the September [[2010 Brooklyn–Queens tornadoes]], the landmass representing [[Sri Lanka]] was blown off the Unisphere. The piece was reinstalled the following year.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kilgannon|first=Corey|date=August 21, 2011|title=When a Tornado in Queens Becomes an International Incident|url=https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/08/21/when-a-tornado-in-queens-becomes-an-international-incident/|access-date=November 4, 2019|website=City Room|language=en-US|archive-date=March 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309231428/https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/08/21/when-a-tornado-in-queens-becomes-an-international-incident/|url-status=live}}</ref> After the fountains were turned back on, visitors often played within the pool and fountains, especially after a neighboring set of fountains to the east broke down.<ref>{{cite web|last=Plitt|first=Amy|date=February 13, 2018|title=World's Fair fountains in Queens will transform into 'mist gardens'|url=https://ny.curbed.com/2018/2/13/17007934/queens-flushing-meadows-park-world-fair-fountains-renovation|access-date=July 26, 2021|website=Curbed NY|archive-date=July 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726023508/https://ny.curbed.com/2018/2/13/17007934/queens-flushing-meadows-park-world-fair-fountains-renovation|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Honan 2018">{{cite web|last=Honan|first=Katie|date=February 12, 2018|title=World's Fair fountains in Flushing Meadows-Corona Park to get $5 million makeover|url=https://www.amny.com/news/worlds-fair-fountains-queens-1-16726028/|access-date=July 26, 2021|website=amNewYork|archive-date=July 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726023507/https://www.amny.com/news/worlds-fair-fountains-queens-1-16726028/|url-status=live}}</ref> This was despite the fact that people were technically not allowed to enter the pool and fountains.<ref name="Honan 2018" /><ref name="Civil Engineering Source 2021">{{cite web|date=February 11, 2021|title=Then and Now: NYC rebuilds iconic Fountain of the Fairs as a fog garden|url=https://source.asce.org/then-and-now-nyc-rebuilds-iconic-fountain-of-the-fairs-as-a-fog-garden/|access-date=July 26, 2021|website=Civil Engineering Source|archive-date=July 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726023509/https://source.asce.org/then-and-now-nyc-rebuilds-iconic-fountain-of-the-fairs-as-a-fog-garden/|url-status=live}}</ref> To prevent people from being hurt by the powerful fountainheads,<ref name="Civil Engineering Source 2021" /> NYC Parks added barricades, opened fire hydrants, and hired patrol officers to deter people from going into the pool area. Even so, some people still entered the pool area.<ref name="Honan 2018" />