Editing Universal instantiation (section)

== Quine ==
According to [[Willard Van Orman Quine]], universal instantiation and [[existential generalization]] are two aspects of a single principle, for instead of saying that "∀''x''&nbsp;''x''&nbsp;=&nbsp;''x''" implies "Socrates&nbsp;=&nbsp;Socrates", we could as well say that the denial "Socrates&nbsp;≠&nbsp;Socrates" implies "∃''x''&nbsp;''x''&nbsp;≠&nbsp;''x''". The principle embodied in these two operations is the link between [[Quantification (logic)|quantification]]s and the singular statements that are related to them as instances. Yet it is a principle only by courtesy. It holds only in the case where a term names and, furthermore, occurs [[Reference#Semantics|referentially]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Willard Van Orman Quine |author1-link=Willard Van Orman Quine|author2=Roger F. Gibson |title=Quintessence  |contribution= V.24. Reference and Modality |location=Cambridge, Mass |publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |year=2008 |oclc=728954096}} Here: p.&nbsp;366.</ref>