Editing Universal manhood suffrage (section)

==History==
[[File:Suffrage universel 1848.jpg|thumb|250px|The establishment of universal male suffrage in France in 1848 was an important milestone in the history of democracy.]]
{{details|topic=dates by when countries granted universal manhood suffrage|Universal suffrage#Dates by country}}

In 1789, [[Revolutionary France]] adopted the [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen]] and, although short-lived, the [[National Convention]] was elected by all men in 1792.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mars.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/wc2/lectures/rev892.html |title=The French Revolution II |publisher=Mars.wnec.edu |access-date=2010-08-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827213104/http://mars.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/wc2/lectures/rev892.html |archive-date=2008-08-27 }}</ref> It was revoked by the [[French Directory|Directory]] in 1795. Universal male suffrage was re-established in France in the wake of the [[French Revolution of 1848]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/histoire/suffrage_universel/suffrage-1848.asp|title=1848 "Désormais le bulletin de vote doit remplacer le fusil"|author=French National Assembly|access-date=2009-09-26|language=fr}}</ref>

In the Australian colonies, universal male suffrage first became law in the colony of South Australia in 1856. This was followed by the colonies of Victoria and New South Wales in 1857 and 1858. This included the introduction of the secret ballot.<ref>{{cite web |title=Australian voting history in action |url=https://www.aec.gov.au/About_AEC/25/theme1-voting-history.htm |website=aec.gov.au |publisher=Australian Electoral Commission |language=en-au |access-date=2023-04-08}}</ref> 

In the [[United States]], the rise of [[Jacksonian democracy]] from the 1820s to 1850s led to a close approximation{{Vague|reason=The source doesn't mention an "approximation of universal manhood suffrage," and it's unclear what it means to approximate this.|date=December 2022}} of universal manhood suffrage among [[white people]] being adopted in all states by 1856.<ref name="NBER2005">{{cite journal |author1=Stanley L. Engerman, University of Rochester and NBER |author2=Kenneth L. Sokoloff, University of California, Los Angeles and NBER |date=February 2005 |title=The Evolution of Suffrage Institutions in the New World |url=https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w8512/w8512.pdf |journal=[[Journal of Economic History]] |volume=65 |pages=16, 35–36 |quote=By 1840, only three states retained a property qualification, North Carolina (for some state-wide offices only), Rhode Island, and Virginia. In 1856, North Carolina was the last state to end the practice. Tax-paying qualifications were also gone in all but a few states by the Civil War, but they survived into the 20th century in Pennsylvania and Rhode Island.}}</ref> Poorer white male citizens gained representation; however, tax-paying requirements remained in five states until 1860, in two states until the 20th century, and many poor white people were later disenfranchised.<ref name=NBER2005/> The expansion of suffrage was largely peaceful, excepting the Rhode Island [[Dorr Rebellion]]. Most [[African-American]] men remained excluded; though the [[Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]], ratified in 1870, upheld their voting rights, they were denied the right to vote in many places for another century until the [[Civil Rights Movement]] gained passage of the [[Voting Rights Act of 1965]] through [[United States Congress|Congress]].

In 1925, the [[Empire of Japan|Japan]]ese government passed [[Universal Manhood Suffrage Law|a bill granting universal manhood suffrage]], additionally removing the [[poll tax]]. The [[New Women's Society]] sidestepped its activism that year in order for legislation to freely pass.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nolte |first1=Sharon H. |title=Women's Rights and Society's Needs: Japan's 1931 Suffrage Bill |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |date=1986 |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=690, 704, 706 |doi=10.1017/S0010417500014171 |jstor=178889 |s2cid=143561314 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/178889 |issn=0010-4175|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

As women also began to win the right to vote during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the goal of universal manhood suffrage was replaced by [[universal suffrage]].