Editing University of Minnesota (section)

==History==
{{Expand section|date=March 2020}}
The University of Minnesota was founded in [[Minneapolis, Minnesota|Minneapolis]] in 1851 as a [[University-preparatory school|college preparatory school]], seven years prior to Minnesota's statehood.<ref name=":0" /> It struggled in its early years and relied on donations to stay open from donors, including South Carolina Governor [[William Aiken Jr.]]<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

In 1867, the university received land grant status through the [[Morrill Land-Grant Acts|Morrill Act of 1862]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.minnpost.com/minnesota-history/2012/09/land-grant-exhibit-looks-back-150-years-u-m-history/ |title=Land-grant exhibit looks back at 150 years of U of M history |date=September 10, 2012 |website=MinnPost |language=en-US |access-date=March 31, 2020 |archive-date=March 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302154318/https://www.minnpost.com/minnesota-history/2012/09/land-grant-exhibit-looks-back-150-years-u-m-history/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.duluthnewstribune.com/opinion/2467635-column-land-grant-mission-has-deep-roots-minnesota-history |title=Column: Land-grant mission has deep roots in Minnesota history |last=Reinert |first=Roger |date=March 16, 2014 |website=Duluth News Tribune |language=en |access-date=March 31, 2020 |archive-date=October 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028220305/https://www.duluthnewstribune.com/opinion/2467635-column-land-grant-mission-has-deep-roots-minnesota-history |url-status=live}}</ref> With lands taken from [[Dakota people]], the university was able to revive itself after closing in 1858.<ref name="morillgrant">{{cite web | last=Vue | first=Katelyn | title=Over 150 years ago, tribal land revived the University. Now, American Indian leaders, students and faculty want this history addressed | website=The Minnesota Daily | date=July 7, 2020 | url=https://mndaily.com/255055/news/acmorrillact/ | access-date=November 25, 2023}}</ref> The Dakota people have not been credited for the expropriation of their lands.<ref name="morillgrant"/>

An 1876 donation from flour miller [[John S. Pillsbury]] is generally credited with saving the school.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Lehman |first=Christopher P. |date=2017 |title=Slaveholder Investment in Territorial Minnesota |journal=Minnesota History |volume=65 |issue=7 |pages=270–272 |jstor=26368724}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Brown |first=Curt |url=http://www.startribune.com/minnesota-history-southern-slave-owner-helped-revive-university-of-minnesota/383521411/ |title=Minnesota History: Southern slave owner helped revive University of Minnesota |date=June 20, 2016 |work=Star-Tribune |access-date=March 17, 2020 |location=Minneapolis, Minn. |archive-date=March 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317200109/http://www.startribune.com/minnesota-history-southern-slave-owner-helped-revive-university-of-minnesota/383521411/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Since then, Pillsbury has become known as "The Father of the University."<ref>{{cite book |last=Carney |first=Mary Vance |title=Minnesota: the star of the North |year=1918 |publisher=D. C. Heath & co |page=218 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MoxuAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA218}}</ref> [[University of Minnesota Old Campus Historic District|Pillsbury Hall]] is named in his honor.<ref>{{cite book |last=Minnesota. University |title=Bulletin |year=1921 |publisher=Minnesota. University |page=67 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qm_PAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA67}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Millett |first=Larry |title=AIA Guide to the Twin Cities: The Essential Source on the Architecture of Minneapolis and St. Paul |year=2007 |publisher=Minnesota Historical Society |page=132 |isbn=9780873515405 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T9axsT5T8fcC&pg=PA132}}</ref>

Academic milestones began with Warren Clark Eustis and Henry Martyn Williamson graduating in 1873 as the university's first graduates.<ref name="UMNHistory">{{Cite web |url=https://twin-cities.umn.edu/about-us/history |title=History - University of Minnesota Twin Cities |access-date=March 26, 2024 |publisher=University of Minnesota}}</ref> Helen Marr Ely was the first female graduate in 1875.<ref name="UMNHistory" /> The university progressed by awarding its first master's degree in 1880 and conferring its first Ph.D. in 1888.<ref name="UMNHistory" />

As the 20th century began, the university expanded its academic offerings. In 1908, the university inaugurated the Program of Mortuary Science, becoming the first state university in the United States to do so.<ref name="UMNHistory" /> The School of Nursing was established in 1909, the first continuous nursing school on a university campus in the United States. The nursing school later opened its doors to male students in 1949.<ref name="UMNHistory" />

20th-century breakthroughs at the University of Minnesota positioned it as a leader in medical innovation. In 1954, C. Walton Lillehei and F. John Lewis performed the world's first successful open-heart surgery using cross-circulation.<ref name="UMNHistory" /> 1955 saw Richard DeWall and Lillehei develop the bubble oxygenator, setting the stage for modern heart-lung machines.<ref name="UMNHistory" /> This was followed by Lillehei's performance of the first artificial heart valve implant in a human in 1958, and in the same year, Earl Bakken, co-founder of Medtronic, Inc., developed the first portable pacemaker, introduced into practice by Lillehei.<ref name="UMNHistory" />

The latter part of the 20th century saw the university's continued innovation in medical transplantation, including the world's first successful kidney/pancreas transplant in 1967, a bone marrow transplant in 1968, and a living donor pancreas transplant in 1998.<ref name="UMNHistory" /> Another notable contribution to agriculture came in 1991, with the development of the [[honeycrisp]] apple.<ref name="UMNHistory" />