Editing University of Minnesota Duluth (section)

==History==

===Early history and plans for Duluth Normal School===
[[File:State Normal School 2.JPG|thumb|left|200px|The preserved facade of the Duluth Normal School. Three extant buildings of this campus are now part of the University of Minnesota Duluth]]
Although the University of Minnesota Duluth did not officially make its appearance until 1947, plans for a college in the Duluth area were first made in the 1890s.<ref>Duluth:300 Years, Sieur duLhut Tricentennial Committee, Duluth. 1979.</ref> The state legislature planned for a teaching school for women (then referred to as a [[normal school]])<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barger |first=Robert N. |date=2004-06-15 |title=The Normal School |url=https://www3.nd.edu/~rbarger/www7/normal.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205023243/https://www3.nd.edu/~rbarger/www7/normal.html |archive-date=2022-12-05 |access-date=2023-01-18 |website=The History of American Education Web Project}}</ref> and in 1895 they passed a bill authorizing the "State Normal School at Duluth".<ref>Zenith: A Postcard Perspective of Historic Duluth. Dierckins, Tony. X-Communication, Duluth, Minnesota. 2006.</ref><ref>Duluth: Then and Now, Duluth News Tribune, Duluth. 2005</ref>

In 1896, the City of Duluth donated {{convert|6|acre|ha}} of land to serve as a foundation for the school, and the state legislature provided additional funds for the construction costs for the main building in 1899, which was built in 1900.

In February 1901, a fire caused extensive damage to the school and the following year, the school was rebuilt.<ref>Duluth’s Legacy Volume 1: Architecture. Scott, James Allen. The City of Duluth and the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Duluth, Minnesota. 1974.</ref>

===Opening of Duluth State Teachers College===

In April 1901, Eugene W. Bohannon<ref>Duluth Sketches of the Past: A Bicentennial Collection. Northprint Co. U.S.A. 1976.</ref> was appointed president of the Duluth Normal School. In 1902 the school first opened for enrollment. The first students, all women, came to the school to be trained for a degree in education. By 1903, the first seven women received their diplomas from the State Normal School at Duluth. The institution changed names to the Duluth State Normal School or Duluth Normal School in 1905.<ref>{{cite book |title=State Teachers College Duluth, Minnesota Twenty-Seventh Annual Catalogue With Announcements for 1929-1930 |publisher=University of Minnesota Duluth Kathryn A. Martin Library, University Archives |chapter-url=https://reflections.mndigital.org/catalog/umd:1269#/image/14?searchText=&viewer=OSD_VIEWER |access-date=2 December 2019 |chapter=Duluth State Teachers College |quote=It was redesignated in 1905 as Duluth State Normal School and again in 1921 as Duluth State Teachers College.}}</ref> In 1906, the first dormitories were opened, costing the school around $35,000 to build. Room and board were offered at cost, between fourteen and fifteen dollars a month.<ref name=autogenerated7>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ihMTAAAAIAAJ|title=Bulletin of the State Normal School, Duluth, Minnesota|access-date=29 May 2015|year=1906}}</ref> Throughout the next few years, more dormitories, two new wings, and an auditorium were added to the school. Requirements, such as having a high school diploma, were instituted. Students who signed a pledge to teach after graduation attended for free; others were required to pay $30 per year.<ref name=autogenerated7 />

The 1906 ''Bulletin of the State Normal School'' describes the school at that time as "thoroughly modern in construction and equipment."<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=Full test of The Bulletin of the State Normal School, Duluth, Minnesota |url=https://archive.org/stream/bulletinstateno00dulgoog/bulletinstateno00dulgoog_djvu.txt |website=archive |access-date=March 28, 2023}}</ref> Enrollment for 1903 was 127 and by 1906 it had increased to 202.<ref>A Chronology of UMD Events, 1895-1984. Hoshal, Julian. Duluth. 1985.</ref> A Model School with kindergarten through grade eight was maintained for "practice teaching". Many of the normal school graduates would be the sole instructor in rural areas with one-room schools for children through the eighth grade. The 1906 Bulletin lists the subjects the students were expected to complete in the two-year course: 
<blockquote>School Bionomy, Social Science , Psychology and Pedagogy, History and Civics, Physics, Chemistry, Algebra, Geometry, Zoology, Biology, Geography, Domestic Science, Music, English, Latin, Drawing, Manual Training, and others. The subjects were very detailed, for example English included Reviews in Grammar, Rhetoric, Theme Writing, Literary Interpretation, English Composition, Cicero, Caesar, and other subjects. Manuel training included simple basketry with the suggestion that the baskets that the children were taught to make could be used as sewing baskets in the sewing classes of Home Economics training. Weaving was taught using simple looms that the children had been taught to make. The use of both hand and electric carpentry tools was taught with the children completing a simple wooden project.<ref name="auto"/> </blockquote>

In 1921, the State Normal School at Duluth was renamed "Duluth State Teachers College"<ref>Images of America: Duluth, Minnesota. Aubut, Sheldon T. and Norton, Maryanne C., Arcadia Publishing, Chicago, Illinois. 2001.</ref> or DSTC.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t2IVAAAAIAAJ&q=Bulletin+of+the+State+Normal+School%2C+Duluth%2C+Minnesota&pg=PA110|title=Today's Education|access-date=29 May 2015|year=1921}}</ref> The change in status allowed bachelor's degrees and four-year degree programs to be added to the school. The college published a yearbook, ''The Chronicle'', and looking through the publication the many pages devoted to extracurricular events and student's photos of campus life suggests that the students enjoyed many activities outside of their everyday classroom work.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Chronicle 1927 - 1928 |url=https://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/185872 |website=University of Minnesota Duluth |year=1928 |hdl=11299/185872 |access-date=January 22, 2020}}</ref> The 1926&ndash;1927 ''Chronicle'' features a photo of the Spring 1927 graduates. The school was celebrating its 25th year anniversary and the yearbook lists 102 graduates. The class photo is taken with the women sitting on the steps of the Main Building;<ref>{{cite journal |title=Chronicle (1926-1927) |url=https://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/185871 |website=Duluth State Teacher's College 1927 |year=1927 |hdl=11299/185871 |access-date=February 21, 2023}}</ref> at present the steps and a small portion of the facade are the only portion of the building left standing following a fire in 1993.

In 1929 the school became co-ed, and the first sports teams were instituted, including hockey, football, and basketball. By 1937, the community supported elevating DSTC to a branch campus of the University of Minnesota.

In 1985 the four surviving buildings of the State Normal School at Duluth, consisting of the Main Building, Washburn Hall, Torrance Hall, and the Model School, were listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].<ref name=Baago>{{cite web |last=Baago |first=Jay |author2=Lawrence Sommer |title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form: Duluth State Normal School Historic District |url={{NRHP url|id=85002757}} |publisher=National Park Service |date=1984-07-15 |access-date=2019-04-20}} With {{NRHP url|id=85002757|photos=y|title=13 accompanying photos}}</ref> The "Duluth State Normal School Historic District" was listed for its state-level significance in the themes of architecture and education.<ref>{{cite web |title=Duluth State Normal School Historic District |url=http://www.mnhs.org/preserve/nrhp/NRDetails.cfm-NPSNum=85002757.html |work=Minnesota National Register Properties Database |publisher=Minnesota Historical Society |year=2009 |access-date=2019-04-20}}</ref> It was nominated as Minnesota's most intact state normal school campus, and for the [[Beaux-Arts architecture]] of the Main Building.<ref name=Baago /> However a fire in 1993 reduced the Main Building to freestanding remnants.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Ruins of "Old Main" |date=18 April 2017 |url=http://zenithcity.com/archive/parks-landmarks/the-ruins-of-old-main/ |publisher=Zenith City Press |access-date=2018-04-28}}</ref>

===Founding of University of Minnesota Duluth===
As enrollment increased on the [[University of Minnesota]] campus in the Twin Cities in the 1940s, higher education leaders began to debate how to address overcrowding on the state's land grant university campus. During this time City leaders and area state legislators formed a plan to advocate for establishing a branch campus of the University of Minnesota in the City of Duluth. After significant lobbying efforts a bill was drafted and submitted to the legislature that would instead take the Duluth State Teachers College, remove it from the Minnesota State Teachers College system and establish a branch of the University of Minnesota in 1947.<ref name=autogenerated2>Landmark Structures of Duluth: Their History and Architecture. Sommer, Lawrence J. 1971.</ref> The Legislature narrowly passed the bill and the marriage of the University of Minnesota to Duluth State Teachers College began.<ref>The University of Minnesota 1945-2000, Stanford Lehmberg and Ann M. Pflam, [[University of Minnesota Press]], 2001</ref> It is at this time that the University of Minnesota Duluth was established.<ref>Duluth: An Illustrated History of the Zenith City. Sandvik, Glenn N. Windsor, Publications, Woodland Hills, California. 1983.</ref>

These events were significant statewide as the Duluth State Teachers College was given preference above all of the other state teachers college in 6 other regions of the state to be upgraded to "university" status. These events later led to discord, with [[Geography of Minnesota#Regions|Southern Minnesota]] organizing to request its own university in 1963-1967 as part of efforts to make Mankato State Teachers College into a research university called the [[University of Southern Minnesota]] or [[Minnesota State University]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Star Statehouse Burea |title=Senate Gets Mankato 'U'Bill |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/188217591 |access-date=7 June 2018 |agency=Newspaper.com |newspaper=The Minneapolis Star |date=19 April 1963 |location=Minneapolis, Minnesota |page=30}}</ref> It wouldn't be until 1975-1976 that the others would be allowed to develop comprehensive curriculum and expand as full universities. During these initial years the University of Minnesota Duluth was considered directly a part of the University of Minnesota, not an independent institution.

===Modern history===
The University of Minnesota Duluth has established itself in a number of research areas including ocean, sea and freshwater sciences.<ref name=seagrant /> It is the primary sea-grant university for the state of Minnesota and operates the Minnesota Sea Grant Program offices on campus. In addition, in 1972 a two-year [[University of Minnesota Medical School|school of medicine]] was founded at the university to provide the first two years of medical education in a small urban and rural setting.<ref>{{cite web |title=Duluth Campus |url=https://www.med.umn.edu/about/duluth-campus |website=University of Minnesota Medical School |date=14 February 2018 |publisher=University of Minnesota |access-date=8 June 2018}}</ref> The medical school was reorganized in 2000 to be a direct component of the University of Minnesota Medical School from the Twin Cities campus and now operates semi-independently from the University of Minnesota Duluth.

Today, the University now educates around 9,500 students each year.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://d.umn.edu/about-umd/umd-facts|title=UMD Facts|last=hlieberm|date=2018-04-16|work=Academics|access-date=2019-11-20|language=en}}</ref> The University colors are maroon and gold which are the same colors of one of the two public high schools in the city of Duluth.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Denfeld High School History - Denfeld High School |url=https://denfeld.isd709.org/about-us/history#:~:text=The%20auditorium%20is%20the%20annual,skits,%20music%20and%20school%20spirit. |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=denfeld.isd709.org |language=en-US}}</ref>