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Upward Bound
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== History == [[File:Jackets Awarded for Studentship - DPLA - a0a4269d876085a916151603ad86b226.jpg|thumb|[[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] students wearing Upward Bound jackets (1971)]] The program was launched in the summer of 1965 after the passage of the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 (The Federal War on Poverty) during President Lyndon B. Johnson's administration, and was transferred to the Department of Education after the enactment of the [[Higher Education Act of 1965]]. The idea of Upward Bound came from [[Stan Salett]], a civil rights organizer, national education policy advisor and one of the creators of the [[Head Start Program]]. Led, by C.T. Vivian, VISION informed the development of the fledgling Upward Bound program. Made possible by the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 and later strengthened by the Higher Education Act of 1965 as part of President Lyndon B. Johnson’s “Great Society” initiative, Upward Bound pilot programs operated under the direction of the OEO over the summer of 1965 before officially launching throughout the nation the following year. Like VISION, Upward Bound provides support for students from disadvantaged backgrounds in overcoming barriers to higher education. While the creation of Upward Bound is often attributed to federal employees like Stan Salett and Sargent Shriver, the OEO also sought external input in the program’s early stages as Upward Bound took shape. The grant awarded to VISION in August 1965—while Upward Bound was still in its pilot stage—suggests that the OEO liked the model that VISION provided. Vivian often spoke of VISION as the prototype for Upward Bound, recalling conversations with individuals from Johnson’s administration and stating, “I was able to get them to send people to every one of the cities and places that we had, that we had our students going.” <sup>8</sup> The end result was a program that looked a great deal like Vivian’s VISION.Now under the direction of the U.S. Department of Education, Upward Bound still exists today, continuing to provide crucial support for thousands of low-income and first-generation college applicants each year.The experimental program was established as the country’s first federal program to prepare low income students for college with the goal of helping high school students go from poverty to the middle class through higher education. In 1965, 17 Regular Upward Bound programs enrolled 2,601 participants. Since 1964 more than 2 million students have participated in Regular Upward Bound and 964 programs are funded with more than 80,000 students participating. Then in 1990, Upward Bound added an additional program called the Upward Bound Math-Science Program. It specializes in math and science skills for TRiO eligible students to improve their performance and motivation to pursue postsecondary enrollment.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=McElroy |first1=Edward J. |last2=Armesto |first2=Maria |date=1998 |title=TRIO and Upward Bound: History, Programs, and Issues-Past, Present, and Future |journal=The Journal of Negro Education |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=373–380 |doi=10.2307/2668137 |issn=0022-2984 |jstor=2668137}}</ref> The 2017-18 annual data collected by the Department of Education on the Upward Bound Program reveals that currently, 84,934 participants were in the program and being served, this number includes the 13,392 who are in the Upward Bound Math-Science Program.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Fast Facts Report for the Upward Bound and Upward Bound Math-Science Programs: 2017-18 |url=https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ope/trio/ububmsfastfactsreport1718.pdf |access-date=29 April 2022 |website=Department of Education}}</ref>
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