Editing Urine test (section)

==Background==
The value of urine for diagnostic purposes has been recognized since ancient times. Urine examination was practiced in [[Sumer]] and [[Babylonia]] as early as 4000 BC, and is described in ancient [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] and [[Sanskrit]] texts.<ref name="ki2">{{cite journal | vauthors = Armstrong JA | title = Urinalysis in Western culture: a brief history | journal = Kidney International | volume = 71 | issue = 5 | pages = 384–387 | date = March 2007 | pmid = 17191081 | doi = 10.1038/sj.ki.5002057 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Contemporary urine testing uses a range of methods to investigate the physical and biochemical properties of the urine. For instance, the results of the routine [[urinalysis]] can provide information about the functioning of the [[kidneys]] and [[urinary system]]; suggest the presence of a [[urinary tract infection]] (UTI); and [[Screening (medicine)|screen]] for possible [[diabetes]] or [[liver disease]], among other conditions.<ref name="statpearls"/> A [[urine culture]] can be performed to identify the bacterial species involved in a UTI.{{sfn|Turgeon|2016|p=505}} Simple [[point-of-care test]]s can detect [[pregnancy]] by identifying the presence of [[beta-hCG]] in the urine{{sfn|Turgeon|2016|p=216}} and indicate the use of [[recreational drugs]] by [[Urine drug screen|detecting excreted drugs or their metabolites]].<ref name="mayo">{{cite journal | vauthors = Moeller KE, Kissack JC, Atayee RS, Lee KC | title = Clinical Interpretation of Urine Drug Tests: What Clinicians Need to Know About Urine Drug Screens | journal = Mayo Clinic Proceedings | volume = 92 | issue = 5 | pages = 774–796 | date = May 2017 | pmid = 28325505 | doi = 10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.12.007 | s2cid = 21260113 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Analysis of abnormal cells in urine ([[urine cytology]]) can help to diagnose some [[cancer]]s,{{sfn|McPherson|Pincus|2017|p=479}} and testing for [[Urine organic acids|organic acids]] or [[Aminoaciduria|amino acids]] in urine can be used to screen for some [[genetic disorder]]s.{{sfn|Rifai|Horvath|Wittwer|2018|p=1697}}