Editing Use of Sarum (section)

==Origins==
[[Image:Sarum-book.jpg|thumb|A page from a Sarum missal. The woodcut shows an altar shortly before the [[English Reformation]].]]
In 1078, [[William of Normandy]] appointed [[Saint Osmund|Osmund]], a [[Normans|Norman]] nobleman, as [[bishop of Salisbury]] (the period name of the site whose ruins are now known as [[Old Sarum]]).<ref name="Webber">{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Webber |first=Teresa |date=2011 |title=Osmund [St Osmund] (d. 1099), bishop of Salisbury |language=en |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/20902}}</ref> As [[bishop]], Osmund initiated some revisions to the extant Celtic-Anglo-Saxon rite and the local adaptations of the Roman rite, drawing on both Norman and [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] traditions.

Nineteenth-century liturgists theorized that the liturgical practices of [[Rouen]] in northern [[France]] inspired the Sarum [[liturgical books]]. The Normans had deposed most of the Anglo-Saxon episcopate, replacing them with Norman bishops, of which Osmund was one. Given the similarities between the liturgy in Rouen and that of Sarum, it appears the Normans imported their French liturgical books as well.<ref name="PfaffOld">{{Cite book |last=Pfaff |first=Richard W. |title=The liturgy in medieval England: A history |date=2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-80847-7 |location=Cambridge |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511642340.016 |chapter=Old Sarum: the beginnings of Sarum Use |pages=350–364}}</ref>

The Use of Sarum refers not only to the text and rubrics of the Mass, but also the calendar of saints, feasts and fast days, the readings and other liturgical practices. For example, on [[Maundy Thursday]] individuals who had been excommunicated for serious sins and then confessed were publicly received back into communion in the ''Reconciliation of the Penitents'' ceremony.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Harper |first1=John |title=The Reconciliation of Penitents |date=2010 |url=http://www.experienceofworship.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/dp21_t01_61_01.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Reconciliation of the Penitents in the Sarum Rite |url=https://acatholiclife.blogspot.com/2011/08/reconciliation-of-penitents-in-sarum.html |website=A Catholic Life}}</ref>