Editing Vampire (section)

== Etymology and word distribution ==
The exact [[etymology]] is unclear.<ref name="Tokarev">{{cite book |last=Tokarev |first=Sergei Aleksandrovich |author-link=Sergei Aleksandrovich Tokarev |title=Mify Narodov Mira |publisher=Moscow |year=1982 |location=Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya |language=ru |oclc=7576647}} ("Myths of the Peoples of the World"). Upyr'</ref><ref name="Vasmer">{{cite web |title=Russian Etymological Dictionary by Max Vasmer |url=http://vasmer.narod.ru/p752.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504222030/http://vasmer.narod.ru/p752.htm |archive-date=4 May 2006 |access-date=13 June 2006 |language=ru}}</ref> The term "vampire" finds its earliest records in English, Latin and French, and references to vampirism were found in Russia, Poland and North Macedonia.<ref>Katharina M. Wilson (1985). ''The History of the Word "Vampire"'' Journal of the History of Ideas  Vol. 46. p. 583</ref>  The [[English language|English]] term was derived (possibly via [[French language|French]] {{lang|fr|vampyre}}) from the [[German language|German]] {{lang|de|Vampir}}, in turn derived in the early 18th century from the [[Serbian language|Serbian]] {{lang|sr|вампир}} ({{Transliteration|sr|vampir}}).<ref name=Grimm>{{cite web|url=http://germazope.uni-trier.de/Projects/WBB/woerterbuecher/dwb/wbgui?lemid=GV00025|title=Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob Grimm und Wilhelm Grimm. 16 Bde. (in 32 Teilbänden). Leipzig: S. Hirzel 1854–1960|access-date=13 June 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926215950/http://germazope.uni-trier.de/Projects/WBB/woerterbuecher/dwb/wbgui?lemid=GV00025|archive-date=26 September 2007 |language=de}}</ref><ref name=MW>{{cite web|title=Vampire|publisher=Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary|url=http://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/vampire|access-date=13 June 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614081137/http://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/vampire|archive-date=14 June 2006}}</ref><ref name=Tresor>{{cite web|url=http://stella.atilf.fr/Dendien/scripts/tlfiv5/affart.exe?44;s=2356384875;?b=0;|title=Trésor de la Langue Française informatisé|access-date=13 June 2006|language=fr|archive-date=30 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230114722/http://stella.atilf.fr/Dendien/scripts/tlfiv5/affart.exe?44%3Bs=2356384875%3B%3Fb%3D0%3B|url-status=live}}</ref> Though this being a popular explanation, a pagan worship of ''upyri'' was already arrested in Old Russian in the 11–13th century.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=ru:Рыбаков Б.А. Язычество древних славян / М.: Издательство 'Наука,' 1981 г. |url=http://historic.ru/books/item/f00/s00/z0000031/index.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226063300/http://historic.ru/books/item/f00/s00/z0000031/index.shtml |archive-date=26 December 2010 |access-date=28 February 2007 |language=ru}}</ref><ref name="period">{{cite journal |last=Зубов |first=Н.И. |year=1998 |script-title=ru:Загадка Периодизации Славянского Язычества В Древнерусских Списках "Слова Св. Григория&nbsp;... О Том, Како Первое Погани Суще Языци, Кланялися Идолом&nbsp;..." |url=http://kapija.narod.ru/Ethnoslavistics/zub_period.htm |url-status=dead |journal=Живая Старина |language=ru |volume=1 |issue=17 |pages=6–10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070225025712/http://kapija.narod.ru/Ethnoslavistics/zub_period.htm |archive-date=25 February 2007 |access-date=28 February 2007}}</ref> Some claim an origin from [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]].<ref>Matthew Bunson: ''Das Buch der Vampire.'' Scherz Verlag, p. 273 and following</ref><ref>Norbert Borrmann: ''Vampirismus oder die Sehnsucht nach Unsterblichkeit''. Diederichs Verlag, p. 13</ref> Oxford and others<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Wilson |first=Katharina M. |date=1985 |title=The History of the Word "Vampire" |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2709546 |journal=Journal of the History of Ideas |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=577–583 |doi=10.2307/2709546 |jstor=2709546 |issn=0022-5037|url-access=subscription }}</ref> maintain a Turkish origin (from Turkish ''uber,'' meaning "witch"<ref name=":2" />), which passed to English via Hungarian and French derivation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=vampire |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803115137575#:~:text=The%20word%20comes%20(in%20the,an%20abbreviation%20of%20this%20word. |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=Oxford Reference |language=en |archive-date=14 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914220052/https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803115137575#:~:text=The%20word%20comes%20(in%20the,an%20abbreviation%20of%20this%20word. |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=vampire |url=https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/vampire |website=Oxford Learner's Dictionary |access-date=14 September 2024 |archive-date=9 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609224915/https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/vampire |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, others sustain that the modern word "Vampire" is derived from the [[Slavic languages|Old Slavic]] and [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] languages form "онпыр (onpyr)", with the addition of the "v" sound in front of the large nasal vowel (on), characteristic of Old Bulgarian.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Parallels are found in virtually all [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] and [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] languages: [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] and [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] {{lang|mk|вампир}} ({{Transliteration|mk|vampir}}), [[Turkish language|Turkish]]:  {{lang|tr|Ubır, Obur, Obır}}, [[Tatar language]]: {{lang|tt|Убыр}} ({{Transliteration|tt|Ubır}}), [[Chuvash language]]:  {{lang|cv|Вупăр}} ({{Transliteration|cv|Vupăr}}), [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]]: {{lang|bs|вампир}} ({{Transliteration|bs|vampir}}), [[Croatian language|Croatian]] {{lang|fr|vampir}}, [[Czech language|Czech]] and [[Slovak language|Slovak]] {{lang|cs|upír}}, [[Polish language|Polish]] {{lang|pl|wąpierz}}, and (perhaps [[East Slavic languages|East Slavic]]-influenced) {{lang|zle|upiór}}, [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] {{lang|uk|упир}} ({{Transliteration|uk|upyr}}), [[Russian language|Russian]] {{lang|ru|упырь}} ({{Transliteration|ru|upyr'}}), [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] {{lang|be|упыр}} ({{Transliteration|be|upyr}}), from [[Old East Slavic]] {{lang|orv|упирь}} ({{Transliteration|orv|upir'}}) (many of these languages have also borrowed forms such as "vampir/wampir" subsequently from the West; these are distinct from the original local words for the creature). In [[Albanian language|Albanian]] the words {{lang|sq|lu(v)gat}} and {{lang|sq|dhampir}} are used; the latter seems to be derived from the [[Gheg Albanian]] words {{lang|aln|dham}} 'tooth' and {{lang|aln|pir}} 'to drink'.<ref>{{cite web |last=Husić |first=Geoff |title=A Vampire by Any Other Name |url=https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/handle/1808/6213/vampire_exhibit_catalog_2010.pdf;jsessionid=5B6036D02A0A800372E52679CB932EA0?sequence=3 |access-date=21 April 2022 |archive-date=20 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820024335/https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/handle/1808/6213/vampire_exhibit_catalog_2010.pdf;jsessionid=5B6036D02A0A800372E52679CB932EA0?sequence=3 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Vasmer" /> The origin of the modern word Vampire ([[Upiór]] means [[Hortdan]], Vampire or [[witch]] in [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and [[Slavs|Slavic]] myths.) comes from the term Ubir-Upiór, the origin of the word Ubir or Upiór is based on the regions around the [[Volga|Volga (Itil) River]] and [[Pontic steppes]]. Upiór myth is through the migrations of the [[Kipchaks|Kipchak]]-[[Cuman]] people to the [[Eurasian steppes]] allegedly spread. The Bulgarian format is впир (vpir, other names: onpyr, vopir, vpir, upir, upierz).<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last1=Yaltırık |first1=Mehmet Berk |title=Turkish: Türk Kültüründe Vampirler, English translation: Vampires in Turkic Culture |last2=Sarpkaya |first2=Seçkin |publisher=Karakum Yayınevi |year=2018 |pages=43–49 |language=Turkish}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{in lang|bg}}Mladenov, Stefan (1941). Etimologičeski i pravopisen rečnik na bǎlgarskiya knižoven ezik.</ref>

Czech linguist [[Václav Machek (linguist)|Václav Machek]] proposes Slovak verb {{lang|sk|vrepiť sa}} 'stick to, thrust into', or its hypothetical anagram {{lang|sk|vperiť sa}} (in Czech, the archaic verb {{lang|cs|vpeřit}} means 'to thrust violently') as an etymological background, and thus translates {{lang|cs|upír}} as 'someone who thrusts, bites'.<ref>MACHEK, V.: Etymologický slovník jazyka českého, 5th edition, NLN, Praha 2010</ref> The term was introduced to German readers by the Polish Jesuit priest [[Gabriel Rzączyński]] in 1721.<ref name=":2"/>

The word ''vampire'' (as ''vampyre'') first appeared in English in 1732, in news reports about vampire "epidemics" in eastern Europe.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Modern Vampire and Human Identity |date=2013 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-349-35069-8 |editor-last=Mutch |editor-first=Deborah |page=3}}</ref>{{efn|1=Vampires had already been discussed in [[French literature|French]]<ref>{{cite book|first=Keir|last=Vermeir|date=January 2012|chapter=Vampires as Creatures of the Imagination: Theories of Body, Soul, and Imagination in Early Modern Vampire Tracts (1659–1755)|editor-first=Y|editor-last=Haskell|title=Diseases of the Imagination and Imaginary Disease in the Early Modern Period|publisher=[[Brepols Publishers]]|location=Tunhout, Belgium|isbn=978-2-503-52796-3}}</ref> and [[German literature]].<ref name=barber5/>}} After Austria gained control of northern [[Serbia]] and [[Oltenia]] with the [[Treaty of Passarowitz]] in 1718, officials noted the local practice of [[exhuming]] bodies and "killing vampires".<ref name="barber5">Barber, p. 5.</ref> These reports, prepared between 1725 and 1732, received widespread publicity.<ref name="barber5" /><ref name="Dauzat 1938">{{cite book |last=Dauzat |first=Albert |title=Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue française |publisher=Librairie Larousse |year=1938 |location=Paris, France |language=fr |oclc=904687}}</ref>