Editing Vanadium (section)

== History ==
Vanadium was [[discovery of the chemical elements|discovered]] in Mexico in 1801 by the Spanish mineralogist [[Andrés Manuel del Río]]. Del Río extracted the element from a sample of Mexican "brown lead" ore, later named [[vanadinite]]. He found that its salts exhibit a wide variety of colors, and as a result, he named the element ''panchromium'' (Greek: παγχρώμιο "all colors"). Later, del Río renamed the element ''erythronium'' (Greek: ερυθρός "red") because most of the salts turned red upon heating. In 1805, French chemist [[Hippolyte Victor Collet-Descotils]], backed by del Río's friend Baron [[Alexander von Humboldt]], incorrectly declared that del Río's new element was an impure sample of [[chromium]]. Del Río accepted Collet-Descotils' statement and retracted his claim.<ref name="Cintas">{{cite journal |last1=Cintas |first1=Pedro |date=12 November 2004 |title=The Road to Chemical Names and Eponyms: Discovery, Priority, and Credit |journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition |volume=43 |issue=44 |pages=5888–5894 |doi=10.1002/anie.200330074 |pmid=15376297}}</ref>

In 1831 Swedish chemist [[Nils Gabriel Sefström]] rediscovered the element in a new oxide he found while working with [[iron ore]]s. Later that year, [[Friedrich Wöhler]] confirmed that this element was identical to that found by del Río and hence confirmed del Río's earlier work.<ref name="sefs">{{cite journal |last=Sefström |first=N. G. |date=1831 |title=Ueber das Vanadin, ein neues Metall, gefunden im Stangeneisen von Eckersholm, einer Eisenhütte, die ihr Erz von Taberg in Småland bezieht |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1423544 |url-status=live |journal=[[Annalen der Physik und Chemie]] |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=43–49 |bibcode=1831AnP....97...43S |doi=10.1002/andp.18310970103 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910010050/https://zenodo.org/record/1423544 |archive-date=10 September 2021 |access-date=27 August 2019}}</ref> Sefström chose a name beginning with V, which had not yet been assigned to any element. He called the element ''vanadium'' after [[Old Norse]] ''[[Freyja|Vanadís]]'' (another name for the [[Norse mythology|Norse]] [[Vanir]] goddess [[Freyja]], whose attributes include beauty and fertility), because of the many beautifully colored [[chemical compound]]s it produces.<ref name="sefs" /> On learning of Wöhler's findings, del Río began to passionately argue that his old claim be recognized, but the element kept the name ''vanadium''.<ref name="vanadium3">{{cite web |last1=Marshall |first1=James L. |last2=Marshall |first2=Virginia R. |date=2004 |title=Rediscovery of the Elements: The "Undiscovery" of Vanadium |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc111200/m2/1/high_res_d/metadc111200.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330044956/https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc111200/m2/1/high_res_d/metadc111200.pdf |archive-date=30 March 2023 |access-date= |website=unt.edu |publisher=The Hexagon |page=45 |quote=}}</ref> In 1831, the geologist [[George William Featherstonhaugh]] suggested that vanadium should be renamed "''rionium''" after del Río, but this suggestion was not followed.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Featherstonhaugh |first=George William |year=1831 |title=New Metal, provisionally called Vanadium |url=https://archive.org/stream/monthlyamericanj11831phil#page/68/mode/2up/search/rionium |journal=The Monthly American Journal of Geology and Natural Science |page=69}}</ref><!--Featherstonhaugh, the editor of the journal cited, comments on a letter from Berzelius to [[Pierre Louis Dulong]]-->

[[File:1910Ford-T.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Model T]] used vanadium steel in its [[chassis]].]]
As vanadium is usually found combined with other elements, the isolation of vanadium metal was difficult.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Habashi |first1=Fathi |date=January 2001 |title=Historical Introduction to Refractory Metals |journal=Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=25–53 |bibcode=2001MPEMR..22...25H |doi=10.1080/08827509808962488 |s2cid=100370649}}</ref> In 1831, [[Jöns Jakob Berzelius|Berzelius]] reported the production of the metal, but [[Henry Enfield Roscoe]] showed that Berzelius had produced the nitride, [[vanadium nitride]] (VN). Roscoe eventually produced the metal in 1867 by reduction of [[vanadium(II) chloride]], VCl<sub>2</sub>, with [[hydrogen]].<ref name="Roscoe">{{cite journal |date=31 December 1870 |title=XIX. Researches on vanadium |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1432055 |url-status=live |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London |volume=18 |issue=114–122 |pages=37–42 |doi=10.1098/rspl.1869.0012 |s2cid=104146966 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909211727/https://zenodo.org/record/1432055 |archive-date=9 September 2021 |access-date=27 August 2019}}</ref> In 1927, pure vanadium was produced by reducing [[vanadium pentoxide]] with [[calcium]].<ref name="Marden">{{cite journal |last1=Marden |first1=J. W. |last2=Rich |first2=M. N. |date=July 1927 |title=Vanadium 1 |journal=Industrial & Engineering Chemistry |volume=19 |issue=7 |pages=786–788 |doi=10.1021/ie50211a012}}</ref>

The first large-scale industrial use of vanadium was in the [[steel]] alloy chassis of the [[Ford Model T]], inspired by French race cars. Vanadium steel allowed reduced weight while increasing [[tensile strength]] ({{circa|1905}}).<ref>{{cite book |last=Betz |first=Frederick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnpGtu-R77UC&pg=PA158 |title=Managing Technological Innovation: Competitive Advantage from Change |date=2003 |publisher=Wiley-IEEE |isbn=978-0-471-22563-8 |pages=158–159}}</ref> For the first decade of the 20th century, most vanadium ore were mined by the [[American Vanadium Company]] from the [[Minas Ragra]] in Peru. Later, the demand for uranium rose, leading to increased mining of that metal's ores. One major uranium ore was [[carnotite]], which also contains vanadium. Thus, vanadium became available as a by-product of uranium production. Eventually, uranium mining began to supply a large share of the demand for vanadium.<ref name="Busch1961">{{cite book |last1=Busch |first1=Phillip Maxwell |url=http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc170746/ |title=Vanadium: A Materials Survey |date=1961 |publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines |page=65 |oclc=934517147 |access-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423075450/https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc170746/ |archive-date=23 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Wise |first=James M. |date=May 2018 |title=Remarkable folded dacitic dikes at Mina Ragra, Peru |url=https://www.southamericatotheworld.com/remarkable-folded-dacitic-dikes-at-mina-ragra-peru/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910012241/https://www.southamericatotheworld.com/remarkable-folded-dacitic-dikes-at-mina-ragra-peru/ |archive-date=10 September 2021 |access-date=21 November 2018}}</ref>

In 1911, German chemist [[Friedrich Wolfgang Martin Henze|Martin Henze]] discovered vanadium in the [[hemovanadin]] proteins found in [[blood cell]]s (or [[coelom]]ic cells) of [[Ascidiacea]] (sea squirts).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Henze |first=M. |author-link=Friedrich Wolfgang Martin Henze |date=1911 |title=Untersuchungen über das Blut der Ascidien. I. Mitteilung |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x5g8AAAAIAAJ |journal=Z. Physiol. Chem. |volume=72 |issue=5–6 |pages=494–50 |doi=10.1515/bchm2.1911.72.5-6.494|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="michibata2002">{{cite journal |last1=Michibata |first1=H. |last2=Uyama |first2=T. |last3=Ueki |first3=T. |last4=Kanamori |first4=K. |date=2002 |title=Vanadocytes, cells hold the key to resolving the highly selective accumulation and reduction of vanadium in ascidians |url=http://ir.lib.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/files/public/0/22/20141016115442843522/MicroscopResTech_56_421-434_2002.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Microscopy Research and Technique |volume=56 |issue=6 |pages=421–434 |doi=10.1002/jemt.10042 |pmid=11921344 |s2cid=15127292 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317132408/https://ir.lib.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/files/public/0/22/20141016115442843522/MicroscopResTech_56_421-434_2002.pdf |archive-date=17 March 2020 |access-date=27 August 2019}}</ref>