Editing Video game (section)

==Origins==
{{Main|History of video games|Early history of video games}}

{{Further|History of arcade video games}}
[[File:Tennis For Two on a DuMont Lab Oscilloscope Type 304-A.jpg|thumb|''[[Tennis for Two]]'' (1958), an early [[analog computer]] game that used an [[oscilloscope]] for a display]]
[[File:Spacewar!-PDP-1-20070512.jpg|thumb|''[[Spacewar!]]'' (1962), an early [[mainframe computer]] game, pictured running on a [[PDP-1]] computer]]
[[File:Pong Game Test2.gif|thumb|[[Pong]] (1972), one of the earliest [[arcade video game]]s]]
Early video games use interactive electronic devices with various display formats. The earliest example is from 1947—a "[[cathode-ray tube amusement device]]" was filed for a patent on 25 January 1947, by [[Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr.]] and Estle Ray Mann, and issued on 14 December 1948, as U.S. Patent 2455992.<ref>{{US Patent|2455992}}</ref> Inspired by [[radar]] display technology, it consists of an analog device allowing a user to control the parabolic arc of a dot on the screen to simulate a missile being fired at targets, which are paper drawings fixed to the screen.<ref name="PongStory">{{cite web| url = http://www.pong-story.com/intro.htm| title = Welcome to Pong-Story – Introduction| publisher = Pong-Story| access-date = 24 October 2007| url-status=live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100827183321/http://www.pong-story.com/intro.htm| archive-date = 27 August 2010| df = dmy-all}}</ref> Other early examples include [[Christopher Strachey]]'s [[draughts]] game, the [[Nimrod (computer)|Nimrod]] computer at the 1951 [[Festival of Britain]]; ''[[OXO (video game)|OXO]]'', a [[tic-tac-toe]] computer game by [[A.S. Douglas|Alexander S. Douglas]] for the [[EDSAC]] in 1952; ''[[Tennis for Two]]'', an electronic interactive game engineered by [[William Higinbotham]] in 1958; and ''[[Spacewar!]]'', written by [[MIT|Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] students Martin Graetz, [[Steve Russell (computer scientist)|Steve Russell]], and Wayne Wiitanen's on a DEC [[PDP-1]] computer in 1962. Each game has different means of display: NIMROD has a panel of lights to play the game of [[Nim]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to... NIMROD! |url=http://www.goodeveca.net/nimrod/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723135752/http://www.goodeveca.net/nimrod/ |archive-date=23 July 2011 |access-date=24 October 2007 |website=goodeveca.net |df=dmy-all}}</ref> ''OXO'' has a graphical display to play tic-tac-toe,<ref>{{cite web |first=David |last=Winter |url=http://www.pong-story.com/1952.htm |title=A.S.Douglas' 1952 Noughts and Crosses game |publisher=PONG-Story |access-date=3 July 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223140718/http://www.pong-story.com/1952.htm |archive-date=23 December 2015 }}</ref> ''Tennis for Two'' has an oscilloscope to display a side view of a tennis court,<ref name="PongStory"/> and ''Spacewar!'' has the [[Digital Equipment Corporation|DEC]] PDP-1's vector display to have two [[Spacecraft|spaceships]] battle each other.<ref>{{cite book| last= Rabin| first= Steve| title= Introduction to Game Development| publisher= Charles River Media| location= Massachusetts| isbn= 978-1-58450-377-4| year= 2005| orig-year= 14 June 2005| url-access= registration| url= https://archive.org/details/introductiontoga0000unse}}</ref>

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| image1            = Ralph-Baer.jpg
| caption1          = [[Ralph H. Baer]] in 2009
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| image2            = Nolan Bushnell 2013.jpg
| caption2          = [[Nolan Bushnell]] in 2013
| alt2              = Nolan Bushnell giving a speech at the Game Developers Conference in 2011
}}
These inventions laid the foundation for modern video games. In 1966, while working at [[Sanders Associates]], [[Ralph H. Baer]] devised a system to play a basic table tennis game on a television screen. With the company's approval, Baer created the prototype known as the "Brown Box". Sanders patented Baer's innovations and licensed them to [[Magnavox]], which commercialized the technology as the first home [[video game console]], the [[Magnavox Odyssey]], released in 1972.{{sfn|Kent|2001|p=25}}<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Orlando, Greg |date=15 May 2007 |title=Console Portraits: A 40-Year Pictorial History of Gaming |url=https://www.wired.com/2007/06/gallery-game-history/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Wired News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516011520/http://www.wired.com/gaming/gamingreviews/multimedia/2007/05/gallery_game_history |archive-date=16 May 2008 |access-date=7 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Separately, [[Nolan Bushnell]] and [[Ted Dabney]], inspired by seeing ''Spacewar!'' running at [[Stanford University]], devised a similar version running in a smaller coin-operated [[arcade cabinet]] using a less expensive computer. This was released as ''[[Computer Space]]'', the first [[arcade video game]], in 1971.<ref>{{cite web |author=Yagoda |first=Marvin |year=2008 |title=1972 Nutting Associates Computer Space |url=http://marvin3m.com/arcade/cspace.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081228061939/http://www.marvin3m.com/arcade/cspace.htm |archive-date=28 December 2008 |website=Marvin's Marvelous Mechanical Museum}}</ref> Bushnell and Dabney went on to form [[Atari, Inc.]], and with [[Allan Alcorn]], created their second [[arcade game]] in 1972, the hit [[ping pong]]-style ''[[Pong]]'', which was directly inspired by the table tennis game on the Odyssey. Atari made a home version of ''Pong'', which was released by Christmas 1975.<ref name="PongStory"/> The success of the Odyssey and ''Pong'', both as an arcade game and home machine, launched the video game industry.<ref name="PBS-GameRev-Time">{{cite web| title = History of Gaming – Interactive Timeline of Game History| url = https://www.pbs.org/kcts/videogamerevolution/history/timeline_flash.html| publisher = [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]| access-date = 25 October 2007| url-status=live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060218080821/http://www.pbs.org/kcts/videogamerevolution/history/timeline_flash.html| archive-date = 18 February 2006| df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="InformIT">{{cite book| author = Miller, Michael| url = https://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=378141| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071012152258/http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=378141| archive-date = 12 October 2007| title = A History of Home Video Game Consoles| publisher = [[InformIT (publisher)|InformIT]]| date = 1 April 2005| access-date = 7 May 2022}}</ref> Both Baer and Bushnell have been titled "Father of Video Games" for their contributions.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Barton |first1=Mat |last2=Loguidice |first2=Bill |date=9 January 2009 |title=The History Of Pong: Avoid Missing Game to Start Industry |url=https://www.gamedeveloper.com/business/the-history-of-i-pong-i-avoid-missing-game-to-start-industry |url-status= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112004852/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/3900/the_history_of_pong_avoid_missing_.php |archive-date=12 January 2009 |access-date=7 May 2022 |publisher=[[Game Developer (website)|Game Developer]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = Atari Inc.: Business Is Fun | first1 = Curt | last1 = Vendel | first2 = Marty | last2 = Goldberg | publisher = Syzygy Press | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-0985597405 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/atariincbusiness0000gold/page/26 26] | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/atariincbusiness0000gold/page/26 }}</ref>