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View camera
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==Types == Several types of view cameras are used for different purposes, and provide different degrees of movement and portability. They include: [[File:SandersonHandCamera.JPG|thumb|right|A Sanderson 'Hand' camera dating from circa 1899]] * Rail camera β There are the smaller more maneuverable ''monorail camera'' and the large stable immovable multi-rail camera known as the ''process camera''. **The ''[[monorail camera]]'' is the most common type of studio view camera, with front and rear standards mounted to a single rail that is fixed to a camera support. This design gives the greatest range of movements and flexibility, with both front and rear standards able to tilt, shift, rise, fall, and swing in similar proportion. These are generally made of metal with leather or synthetic bellows, and are difficult to pack for travel. [[Sinar]] and [[Toyo-view|Toyo]] are popular manufacturers of monorail view camera systems. [[ARCA-Swiss]] produces monorail cameras for field use in addition to models for the more conventional studio applications. Many manufacturers also offer monorail extensions that move the front or rear standards farther away from each other to facilitate focusing on close objects ([[macrophotography]]). **The stationary ''[[process camera]]'' is used for copying nearly flat artwork that is held to a copyboard located at the far end of the camera rails of horizontally mounted cameras, or at the base of vertical cameras. The work to be copied and the film are often held in place by vacuum and copying is usually at 1:1 magnification. They use various sizes of film depending upon what is needed for the specific job. * Field camera β These have the front and rear standard mounted on sliding rails fixed to a hinged flat bed that can be attached to a camera support, such as a tripod. These cameras are usually made of wood, or sometimes lightweight and strong composites such as carbon fiber. With the bellows fully retracted, the flat bed folds up, reducing the camera to a relatively small, light, and portable box. The trade off for this portability is that the standards are not as mobile or as adjustable as on a monorail design. The rear standard in particular may be fixed and offer no movement. These large format but transportable cameras are popular with landscape photographers. Tachihara and Wisner are examples of modern field cameras at opposite ends of the price scale. ** Extremely large field cameras use 11Γ14 film and larger, or panoramic film sizes such as 4Γ10 or 8Γ20. These are sometimes called ''banquet cameras'', and once were commonly used to photograph large, posed groups of people to mark occasions, such as banquets or weddings. ** ''Studio and salon cameras'' are similar to field cameras, but do not fold up for portability. ** ''Folding plate cameras'' with limited movements were often used. An example is the [[Goerz (company)|Goerz]] Taro-Tenax 9x12cm.<ref>[[:File:C.P.Goerz.jpg|Picture of C.P.Goerz Taro-Tenax 9x12]]</ref> ** Press cameras that have a ground glass integral to the film-holder mechanism allow critical focus and use of available movements. More expensive examples had a wide array of movements, as well as focusing and composing aids like rangefinders and viewfinders. They are most often made of metal, designed to fold up quickly for portability, used by press photographers before and during the second world war. Some press cameras have more adjustment capabilities, including some ability to tilt the rear standard, and can be either hand-held or attached to a tripod for support.<ref name="adams"/>{{rp|p.33}} *Other view cameras β Many unique view cameras have been built and used for special purposes or for general purpose. View cameras use large format [[sheet film]]βone sheet per photograph. Standard sizes in inches are: 4Γ5, 5Γ7, 4Γ10, 5Γ12, 8Γ10, 11Γ14, 7Γ17, 8Γ20, 12Γ20, 20Γ24, and larger for ''process cameras''. (It is usual to list the short side first in the [[Americas]], and the long side in many other countries, thus 4Γ5 is the same as 5Γ4). A similar, but not identical, range of [[Metric system|metric]] sizes is used in many countries; thus 9Γ12 cm is similar to, but not interchangeable with, 4Γ5 inches and 13Γ18 cm is similar to, but not interchangeable with, 5Γ7 inches. The most widely used format is 4Γ5, followed by 8Γ10. A few [[rollfilm]] cameras have movements that make them as versatile as a sheet film view camera. Rollfilm and [[instant film]] backs are available to use in place of a sheetfilm holder on a single-film camera.
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