Editing Virchow's triad (section)

==The triad==
The triad consists of three components:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Virchow's<ref name="isbn1-4020-6649-X">{{cite book
|author=Malone, P. Colm, Agutter, Paul S.
|title=The Aetiology of Deep Venous Thrombosis: A Critical, Historical and Epistemological Survey
|publisher=Springer
|location=Paris
|year=2008
|page=84
|isbn=978-1-4020-6649-8
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TUfRqCH0smoC
|access-date=2021-12-06
|archive-date=2022-10-15
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015023707/https://books.google.com/books?id=TUfRqCH0smoC
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
! Modern
! Notes
|-
| Phenomena of interrupted blood-flow
| '''[[Venous stasis|Stasis]]''' <ref name="pmid15692260">{{cite journal
|author=Lowe GD
|title=Virchow's triad revisited: abnormal flow
|journal=Pathophysiol. Haemost. Thromb.
|volume=33
|issue=5–6
|pages=455–457
|year=2003
|pmid=15692260
|doi=10.1159/000083845
|doi-access=free
}}</ref>
| The first category, alterations in normal blood flow, refers to several situations. These include [[venous stasis]], long surgical operations, prolonged immobility (whilst on a long plane or car ride, bed bound during hospitalization), and [[varicose veins]]. The equivalence of Virchow's version and the modern version has been disputed.<ref name="urlFurther reflections on Virchows triad. - Free Online Library">{{cite web
|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Further+reflections+on+Virchow%27s+triad.(Letter+to+the+Editor)-a0128075135
|title=Further reflections on Virchow's triad. |via=Free Online Library
|access-date=2009-02-10
|archive-date=2016-03-05
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305013022/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Further+reflections+on+Virchow%27s+triad.%28Letter+to+the+Editor%29-a0128075135
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
|-
| Phenomena associated with irritation of the vessel and its vicinity
| '''Endothelial injury''' or '''vessel wall injury'''
| The second category, injuries and/or trauma to [[endothelium]] includes vessel piercings and damages arising from [[shear stress]] or [[hypertension]]. This category is ruled by [[Surface science|surface phenomena]] and contact with procoagulant surfaces, such as [[bacteria]], shards of foreign materials, [[biomaterials]] of [[Implant (medicine)|implants]] or [[medical devices]], [[cell membrane|membranes]] of activated [[platelets]], and membranes of [[monocytes]] in [[inflammation|chronic inflammation]].
|-
| Phenomena of blood-coagulation
| '''[[Hypercoagulability]]'''
| The last category, alterations in the constitution of blood,<ref name="pmid15692259">{{cite journal
|vauthors=Chung I, Lip GY |title=Virchow's triad revisited: blood constituents
|journal=Pathophysiol. Haemost. Thromb.
|volume=33
|issue=5–6
|pages=449–454
|year=2003
|pmid=15692259
|doi=10.1159/000083844
|doi-access=free
}}</ref> has numerous possible risk factors such as [[hyperviscosity]], coagulation factor V Leiden mutation, coagulation factor II G2021A mutation, deficiency of [[antithrombin]] III, protein C or S deficiency,  [[nephrotic syndrome]], changes after severe [[Physical trauma|trauma]] or burn, [[cancer]], late pregnancy and delivery, race, advanced age, cigarette smoking, hormonal contraceptives, and [[obesity]].  All of these risk factors can cause the situation called [[hypercoagulability]] (excessively easy clotting of blood).
|}