Editing Virginia Key (section)

==History==
[[File:Florida - Valparaison through West Palm Beach - NARA - 23936857 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Virginia Key in 1931]]
[[File:Group at segregated beach - Virginia Key, Florida.jpg|thumb|Virginia Key Beach in 1945]]
[[File:Rosenstiel Applied Marine Physics Building.jpg|thumb|The Applied Marine Physics Building at the [[University of Miami]]'s [[Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science]] on Virginia Key]]
What is now Virginia Key was the southern end of a barrier island that extended from the [[New River (Broward County, Florida)|New River]] inlet in [[Fort Lauderdale, Florida|Fort Lauderdale]] to just north of [[Key Biscayne]]. Early accounts by Spanish explorers indicated the existence of one or more inlets somewhere on the long spit of land enclosing the northern end of Biscayne Bay, but such inlets open and close over time. At the beginning of the 19th century, there was no inlet through the barrier island between the New River Inlet and Bear Cut, at the northern end of Key Biscayne. [[Hurricane]]s in 1835 and 1838 opened a new inlet, Narrows Cut (now known as Norris Cut), separating Virginia Key from what is now [[Fisher Island, Florida|Fisher Island]] at the south end of [[Miami Beach, Florida|Miami Beach]].<ref>Blank, Joan Gill. 1996. ''Key Biscayne''. Sarasota, Florida: Pineapple Press, Inc. {{ISBN|1-56164-096-4}}. p. 3</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Clupper|first=James|title=Virginia Key|url=http://keys.fiu.edu/gazetteer/00000548.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080808113647/http://keys.fiu.edu/gazetteer/00000548.htm|archive-date=August 8, 2008|access-date=April 21, 2021|website=Key Names}}</ref><!--Note: The above text, which has been in this article for 15 years, apparently has been copied without attribution to [http://egov.ci.miami.fl.us/Legistarweb/Attachments/86440.pdf this document created in 2010.]-->

The island was named by Frederick H. Gerdes of the United States Coast Survey in 1849. He noted that the island north of Key Biscayne had no name, and had not existed as an island until 'Narrows Cut' had broken through "ten or twelve" years before (i.e., the [[hurricane]] of 1835 or 1838). He described Virginia Key as three miles (5&nbsp;km) long and one mile (1.6&nbsp;km) wide (later, as five miles (8&nbsp;km) long and {{Convert|1+1/2|mi|km|spell=in}} wide), ''with a fine Atlantic beach,'' but mostly covered with [[mangrove]]s.<ref>Virginia Key Beach Park Trust, page 9.</ref>

===Virginia Key Beach Park===
In May 1945, seven civil rights activists supported by the local [[NAACP]] chapter staged a "wade-in" at the whites’ only Baker's [[Haulover Park|Haulover Beach]] in Dade County Florida. Five men and two women protested Jim Crow era laws that denied access to recreation based on race. In a Miami emerging from World War II this meant "colored" people could not share with whites the legendary beaches along and in the waters of [[Biscayne Bay]] and the [[Atlantic Ocean]].<ref>Virginia Key Beach Park Trust. "Master Plan", 13; Bush, Gregory.  "Virginia Key Beach Park Natural Resource Study", 2007; page 13; Dunn, Marvin ''Black Miami in the Twentieth Century'' Gainesville; University Press of Florida, 1997: page 160; National Park Service, Florida, National Register of Historic Places, Virginia Key Beach Park, 2007, section 8 pages 9-10.</ref>

The struggle for a "colored-only" beach in [[Miami]], which was part of the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s, fueled the anger of patriotic black servicemen who fought the racism of Nazi Germany only to return to a segregated America. Among the protesters was Attorney [[Lawson Thomas]] who later became the first Black appointed to Judge in the post-Reconstruction South.  Lawyer Thomas remained on the beach, holding bail money for those who anticipated arrest. The NAACP had notified the local press and police of the time and place, hoping for arrests that would be central to a court challenge of local discrimination laws and policies. On instruction from local government representatives, police refused to cite the protestors, telling Thomas to contact County Commissioner Charles H. Crandon.<ref>Bush, 8-9, 16-17; Virginia Key Beach Park Trust, Master Plan, 10; Dunn, 16; National Park Service, section 8 page 10; ''Miami Herald'', "No Arrests: Negroes Test Beach Rights at Haulover", May 10, 1945.</ref>

Local businessmen and government officials had privately conceded something had to be done about the race problem. The economy was – and is – heavily reliant upon its good reputation with tourists.  A decision was made to compromise race restrictions on recreation by designating a "colored-only" beach on Virginia Key. Crandon and Thomas negotiated the establishment of the "Virginia Key Beach, a Dade County Park for the exclusive use of Negroes," (today, the Historic Virginia Key Beach Park). It opened on August 1, 1945.<ref>Virginia Key Beach Park, Master Plan, pp. 12-13; National Park Service, section 8, page 11.</ref>

There are several urban myths about the selection of Virginia Key by county officials, each with a kernel of truth – but there was an historic connection of at least several decades’ standing. A 1918 survey map of the "Abandoned Military Reservation" on Virginia Key located a "Negro Dancing Pavilion" on the island's southeastern shore of the "colored-only" beach. From 1945 to 1947, Miami's Blacks traveled to the beach exclusively by boat – public and private. The opening of the Rickenbacker Causeway in 1947 connected Virginia Key and Key Biscayne with the mainland and vehicular travel began.<ref>Oral history interview with Willie C. Dyons, Dorothy Graham, Harold Braynon Jr., and Alpha Mashak, by Anthony E. Dixon, Ph.D. and Robert Blount, 2008; National Park Service, section 8, pages 11-13.</ref>

The new Park enjoyed instant popularity. For a time, county government honored the "separate but equal" status of Virginia Key Beach with its white counterpart, Crandon Park on Key Biscayne. The original temporary buildings were replaced by permanent construction, a miniature railroad carried beachgoers around the park, and a seaside merry-go-round whirled riders of all ages. Still, Crandon Park was over {{convert|800|acre|km2}} with two miles (3&nbsp;km) of beachfront and Virginia Key {{convert|82|acre|m2}} with a half-mile of beach.<ref>National Park Service, section 8, pages 12-13.</ref>

When Crandon Park got a zoo, Virginia Key Beach got a pond with ornamental plants and so things began to change. When residents of Key Biscayne needed a place to dump their garbage and pump their sewage, the breezes on Virginia Key Beach turned sour, the water clouded with effluents. The long-term environmental impact has yet to be fully determined. Still, Virginia Key Beach remained a popular, even sacred place within Miami's Black community.<ref>Oral history interview with Mr. Kenneth Williams conducted by Chanelle Rose, 2005; National Park Service, section 8, page 12.</ref>

===Park decline and restoration===
Segregation of Miami-Dade beaches finally ended in the early 1960s with another protest led by the late Rev. Theodore Gibson, [[Garth C. Reeves]], [[Oscar Range]]{{Clarify|date=July 2009}}<!-- if this is the husband of M. Athalie Range, he died in 1960. --> and others. Crandon Park and Virginia Key Beach would no longer be used exclusively by one race or another, but open for all to enjoy. When beaches closer to historically Black residential neighborhoods desegregated, Virginia Key Beach gradually declined both in use and upkeep. By the 1980s, picnicking families mingled with gay couples and nudists using Virginia Key Beach. In 1982, the County transferred the former colored-only park to the City of Miami with a deed restriction that it only be used as a park and that the City continued the level of services and maintenance. The City closed the Park shortly thereafter citing high maintenance costs.<ref>News Journal Wire Services, "President Bush approves bill for Study of Virginia Key Beach", December 18, 2002.</ref>

Shuttered for two decades, Virginia Key Beach was eroded by storms, its buildings damaged and vandalized, and park lands invaded by exotic plants and animals. Beset by declining revenues, some City officials began to speculate over schemes to sell off the development rights on Virginia Key. As plans leaked, a local coalition formed among Miami's grassroots activists protesting any commercial development and asking for a complete restoration and re-opening of Miami's largest park and only public park on the Atlantic Ocean. The leadership at City Hall appointed an official community-based civil rights task force to provide a public forum for the park's future.<ref>Bush, 10-12; Virginia Key Beach Park Charrette, 2000, Introduction; Oral history interview with Enid Pinkney, Althea Range, Eugenia Thomas, and David Shorter conducted by Chanelle Rose, 2005.</ref>

In time, the civil right's task force developed into a trust that was given the charge of re-opening the park as an open green space for a multi-cultural society. The restoration process was divided into two major areas: environmental and historical. The trust undertook the daunting task of removing all exotic vegetation from the park while replenishing the landscape with native vegetation.  In August, 2002 the site was placed on the National Register of Historic Places and given a Florida Historical Marker.<ref>Bush, 45-46; Miami Times, "3000 Revive Easter Tradition on Virginia Key", May, 2000.</ref>
  
On February 22, 2008, the Virginia Key Beach Park Trust re-opened the park to the public.  Today, it is known as an ecological treasure which contains the largest mangrove wetland in the state.  Historic landmarks such as the bathhouse, concession stand, carousel house, train tunnel, and picnic pavilions have all been renovated and opened for public use. The beach is open for wading only.<ref>Sunrise Newsletter, "Come revisit Historic Virginia Key Beach Park for the Very First time", winter/Spring 2008, 8:33, 1-2; ''Westside Gazette'' Newspaper, "Miami's "Old Colored Beach" restored- reopens", December 27, 2007-January 2, 2008; Florida International University Magazine, "Restoring a Legacy", Winter, 2007; ''Miami Herald'', "Freedom Beach", February 16, 2008.</ref>