Editing Visual field (section)

==Normal limits==
[[File:Traquair 1938 Fig 1 modified.png|thumb|The classical image on the shape and size of the visual field by Harry Moss Traquair in his book ''Clinical Perimetry'' (1938; modified to show the essentials). It shows that the visual field is considerably larger on the temporal side than the often quoted 90° extent. Similar limits were already reported in the 19th century.]] The normal (monocular) human visual field extends to approximately 60 degrees nasally (toward the nose, or inward) from the vertical meridian in each eye, to 107 degrees temporally (away from the nose, or outwards) from the vertical meridian, and approximately 70 degrees above and 80 below the horizontal meridian.<ref name="Rönne">{{cite journal | last1 = Rönne | first1 = Henning | title = Zur Theorie und Technik der Bjerrrumschen Gesichtsfelduntersuchung | journal = Archiv für Augenheilkunde | volume = 78 | issue = 4 | pages = 284–301| year = 1915 }}</ref><ref name="Traquair" /><ref>{{cite book |author=Robert H. Spector |title=Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations. 3rd edition. |chapter=Visual Fields |year=1990 |publisher=Butterworths |isbn=9780409900774 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK220/ }}</ref><ref>Similar limits were already reported in the 19th century by Alexander Hueck (1840, p. 84): „Outwards from the line of sight I found an extent of 110°, inwards only 70°, downwards 95°, upwards 85°. When looking into the distance we thus overlook 220° of the horizon." Hueck, A. (1840). Von den Gränzen des Sehvermögens. Archiv für Anatomie, Physiologie und wissenschaftliche Medicin, 82-97.</ref> 
The binocular visual field is the superimposition of the two monocular fields. In the binocular field, the area left of the vertical meridian is referred to as the left visual field (which is located temporally for the left, and nasally for the right eye); a corresponding definition holds for the right visual field. The four areas delimited by the vertical and horizontal meridian are referred to as upper/lower left/right quadrants. In the [[European Union]], the minimum field requirement for driving is 50 degrees to either side of the vertical meridian and 120 degrees horizontally in total, and 20 degrees above and below the horizontal meridian. The [[macula]] corresponds to the central 17 degrees diameter of the visual field; the [[Fovea centralis|fovea]] to the central 5.2 degrees, and the [[foveola]] to 1&ndash;1.2 degrees diameter.<ref name="Strasburger">{{cite journal | last1 = Strasburger | first1 = H. | last2 = Rentschler | first2 = I. | last3 = Jüttner | first3 = M. | title = Peripheral vision and pattern recognition: a review | journal = Journal of Vision| volume = 11 | issue = 5 | pages = 1–82 | year = 2011 | url =  http://www.journalofvision.org/content/11/5/13 | doi=10.1167/11.5.13 | pmid=22207654| doi-access = free | pmc = 11073400 }}</ref><ref name="erratum">{{cite journal |last1= Strasburger |first1=H| last2=Jüttner| first2=M |title= Erratum. Corrections to: Strasburger, Rentschler & Jüttner (2011), Peripheral Vision and Pattern Recognition |journal = Journal of Vision |volume=24 |issue= 15|date= April 2024| url=https://jov.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2793585}}</ref>
<ref name="Polyak">{{cite book | last1 = Polyak | first1 = S. L. | title = The Retina | year = 1941 | publisher = The University of Chicago Press | location = Chicago}}</ref> Note that in the clinical literature the fovea can refer to the central 1–1.2 deg, i.e. what is otherwise known as the foveola, and can be referred to as the "clinical fovea".<ref name="myths">{{cite journal | last1 = Strasburger | first1 = Hans | title = Seven myths on crowding and peripheral vision | journal = i-Perception| volume = 11 |issue=2 |  year = 2020 | pages=1–45| doi = 10.1177/2041669520913052 | pmid = 32489576 | pmc = 7238452 |url = https://doi.org/10.1177/2041669520913052}}</ref>

The nose is situated in the field of view of both eyes, but due to later processing carried out in the brain, it is not noticed during normal visual tasks.