Editing Washing machine (section)

==History==
===Washing by hand===
{{Main|Laundry#History}}
[[File:Rhof-histWaschmaschine.ogv|thumb|upright|An early Miele washing machine at the [[Roscheider Hof Open Air Museum]], Germany, showing farming traditions of the [[Irrel]] region.]]
Laundering by hand involves soaking, beating, scrubbing, and rinsing dirty textiles. Before [[indoor plumbing]], it was necessary to carry all the water used for washing, boiling, and rinsing the laundry from a [[pump]], [[Water well|well]], or [[Spring (hydrology)|spring]]. Water for the laundry would be hand-carried, heated on a fire for washing, and then poured into a tub. This meant the amount of warm, soapy water was limited; it would be reused to wash the least soiled clothing, then to wash progressively dirtier laundry.

Removal of soap and water from the clothing after washing was a separate process. First, soap would be rinsed out with clear water. After rinsing, the soaking wet clothing would be formed into a roll and twisted by hand to extract water. The entire process often occupied an entire day of work, plus drying and ironing.

===Early machines===
{{multiple images
 | total_width       = 400
 | image1            = Illustration of Jacob Christian Schäffer's washing machine, 1766.jpg
 | image2            = Pyykki-Maija crank-operated washing machine, 1940s.jpg
 | footer            = A 1766 illustration of Schäffer's washing machine (left) and a simple, crank-operated washing machine (right)
}}
{{Globalize|date=September 2016|2=United States}}
[[File:Wringer washer.webm|thumb|200px|right|Wringer washer, Paspébiac, Québec, Canada]]
[[File:Fulling mill bockler.jpg|thumb|upright|A fulling mill from [[Georg Andreas Böckler]]'s ''Theatrum Machinarum Novum'', 1661]]
An early example of washing by machine is the practice of [[fulling]]. In a fulling mill, the cloth was beaten with wooden hammers, known as fulling stocks or fulling hammers.

The first English [[patent]] under the category of washing machines was issued in 1691.<ref>'' Mothers and Daughters of Invention: Notes for a Revised History of Technology'', [[Autumn Stanley]], [[Rutgers University]] Press, 1995, p. 301.</ref> A drawing of an early washing machine appeared in the January 1752 issue of ''[[The Gentleman's Magazine]]'', a British publication.{{cn|date=October 2024}} [[Jacob Christian Schäffer]]'s washing machine design was published in 1767{{cn|date=October 2024}} in Germany.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deutsches-museum.de/bibliothek/unsere-schaetze/technikgeschichte/schaeffer-waschmaschine/ |title=Deutsches Museum: Schäffer |publisher=Deutsches-museum.de |access-date=2011-12-12}}</ref> In 1782, Henry Sidgier was issued a British patent for a rotating drum washer, and in the 1790s, Edward Beetham sold numerous "patent washing mills" in England.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oldandinteresting.com/history-washing-machines.aspx |title=History of Washing Machines up to 1800 |publisher=Oldandinteresting.com |date=2011-04-14 |access-date=2012-06-01}}</ref>

One of the first innovations in washing machine technology was the use of enclosed containers or basins that had grooves, fingers, or paddles to help with the scrubbing and rubbing of the clothes. The person using the washer would use a stick to press and rotate the clothes along the textured sides of the basin or container, agitating the clothes to remove dirt and mud.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Washing Machine – MSN Encarta |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761590288/Washing_Machine.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090821231224/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761590288/Washing_Machine.html |archive-date=2009-08-21 |url-status=dead}}</ref> This crude agitator technology was hand-powered, but still more effective than actually hand-washing the clothes.

More advancements were made to washing machine technology in the form of the rotating drum design. These early design patents consisted of a drum washer that was hand-cranked to make the wooden drums rotate. While the technology was simple enough, it was a milestone in the history of washing machines, as it introduced the idea of "powered" washing drums. As metal drums started to replace the traditional wooden drums, it allowed for the drum to turn above an open fire or an enclosed fire chamber, raising the water temperature for more effective washes.

It was in the nineteenth century that steam power was first used in washing machine designs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2896500105.html |title=Washing Machine Facts, information, pictures &#124; Encyclopedia.com articles about Washing Machine |publisher=Encyclopedia.com |access-date=2012-06-01}}</ref>

In 1862, a patented "compound rotary washing machine, with rollers for wringing or mangling" by Richard Lansdale of Pendleton, Manchester, was shown at the [[1862 International Exhibition|1862 London Exhibition]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/1862_London_Exhibition:_Catalogue:_Class_VIII.:_Richard_Lansdale |title=1862 London Exhibition: Catalogue: Class VIII.: Richard Lansdale |publisher=GracesGuide.co.uk |access-date=2010-06-19}}</ref>

The first United States Patent, titled "Clothes Washing", was granted to Nathaniel Briggs of [[New Hampshire]] in 1797. Because of the [[Patent Office 1836 fire|Patent Office fire]] in 1836, no description of the device survives. The invention of the washing machine is also attributed to [[Watervliet Shaker Historic District|Watervliet Shaker Village]], as a patent was issued to an Amos Larcom of [[Watervliet, New York|Watervliet]], New York, in 1829, but it is not certain that Larcom was a [[Shakers|Shaker]].<ref name=":-1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yh18lhH-ytwC|title=Work and Worship Among the Shakers: Their Craftsmanship and Economic Order|last1=Andrews|first1=Edward Deming|last2=Andrews|first2=Faith|date=1974-01-01|publisher=Courier Corporation|isbn=9780486243825|page=157|language=en}}</ref> A device that combined a washing machine with a wringer mechanism appeared in 1843 when Canadian [[John E. Turnbull]] of [[Saint John, New Brunswick|Saint John]], New Brunswick patented a "Clothes Washer With Wringer Rolls".<ref>Mario Theriault, ''Great Maritime Inventions 1833–1950'', Goose Lane, 2001, p. 28.</ref>  During the 1850s, Nicholas Bennett of the [[Mount Lebanon Shaker Society]] at [[New Lebanon, New York|New Lebanon]], New York, invented a "wash mill", but in 1858 he assigned the patent to David Parker of the [[Canterbury Shaker Village]], where it was registered as the "Improved Washing Machine".<ref name="Tilley"/><ref name="ShakerLeb">{{cite web |last=Shaker Museum |date=2016-07-20 |title=The Shaker Improved Washing Machine |url=https://shakerml.wordpress.com/2016/07/20/the-shaker-improved-washing-machine/ |access-date=2016-10-10 |website=Shaker Museum {{!}} Mount Lebanon}}</ref><ref>{{US patent|19181}}.</ref>

[[File:Electric Rotor Washer.JPG|thumb|left|upright|A 1923 electric [[Miele]] washing machine with a built-in [[Mangle (machine)|mangle]] for drying]]

[[Margaret P. Colvin|Margaret Colvin]] improved the Triumph Rotary Washer,<ref>{{US patent|120717}}.</ref> which was exhibited in the Women's Pavilion at the [[Centennial International Exhibition]] of 1876 in Philadelphia.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KmOWoTzjegUC&q=%22margaret+colvin%27s+triumph+rotary%22&pg=PA146 |title=Women, Aging, and Ageism – Evelyn R Rosenthal – Google Books |access-date=2012-10-14|isbn=9780866569842 |last1=Rosenthal |first1=Evelyn R. |year=1990 |publisher=Haworth Press }}</ref>  At the same exhibition, the Shakers won a gold medal for their machine.<ref name=":-1"/>

Electric washing machines were advertised and discussed in newspapers as early as 1904.<ref>"Electric Washing Machine the Latest. Housewives can do Washing in one-third the Time", ''Des Moines Daily Capitol'', November 12, 1904, p. 13.</ref>  Alva J. Fisher has been incorrectly credited with the invention of the electric washer.  The [[United States Patent and Trademark Office|US Patent Office]] shows at least one patent issued before Fisher's US patent number 966677<ref>{{US patent|966677}}.</ref> (e.g. Woodrow's US patent number 921195).<ref>{{US patent|921195}}.</ref>  The first inventor of the electric washing machine remains unknown.{{Cn|date=September 2024}}

US electric washing machine sales reached 913,000 units in 1928. However, high unemployment rates in the [[Great Depression|Depression]] years reduced sales; by 1932 the number of units shipped was down to about 600,000.

An early [[laundromat]] in the United States opened in [[Fort Worth, Texas|Fort Worth]], Texas, in 1934.<ref>David John Cole, Eve Browning, Fred E. H. Schroeder, Encyclopedia of Modern Everyday Inventions, Greenwood 2003.</ref>{{dubious|date=April 2012}}<!-- This claim is highly unlikely. --> It was run by Andrew Klein. Patrons used coin-in-the-slot facilities to rent washing machines. The term "laundromat" can be found in newspapers as early as 1884 and they were widespread during the Depression. England established public washrooms for laundry along with bathhouses throughout the nineteenth century.<ref>New York Times, April 13, 1884; New London Journal, July 22, 1917.</ref>

Washer design improved during the 1930s. The mechanism was now enclosed within a cabinet, and more attention was paid to electrical and mechanical safety. [[Spin dryer]]s were introduced to replace the dangerous power mangle/wringers of the day.

By 1940, 60% of the 25,000,000 wired homes in the United States had an electric washing machine. Many of these machines featured a power wringer, although built-in spin dryers were not uncommon.{{citation needed|date=April 2012}}

===Automatic machines===
[[File:Mineral Wells May 2017 22 (The Laumdronat and Washing Machine Museum interior).jpg|thumb|The Washing Machine Museum in [[Mineral Wells, Texas|Mineral Wells]], Texas]]

Bendix Home Appliances, a subsidiary of [[Avco]], introduced the first domestic automatic washing machine in 1937,<ref>{{cite web|access-date=13 February 2016|date=1950-04-24|title=LIFE|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oUkEAAAAMBAJ&q=Bendix+washer&pg=PA119}}</ref> having applied for a patent in the same year.<ref>{{US patent|2165884}}.</ref> Avco had licensed the name from [[Bendix Corporation]], an otherwise unrelated company. In appearance and mechanical detail, this first machine was not unlike the front-loading automatic washers produced today.

Although it included many of today's basic features, the machine lacked any drum suspension and therefore had to be anchored to the floor to prevent "walking". Because of the components required, the machine was also expensive. For instance, the Bendix Home Laundry Service Manual (published November 1, 1946) shows that the drum speed change was facilitated by a 2-speed gearbox built to a heavy-duty standard (not unlike a car automatic gearbox, albeit smaller in size). The timer was also probably costly because miniature electric motors were expensive to produce.

Early automatic washing machines were usually connected to a water supply via temporary slip-on connectors to sink taps. Later, permanent connections to  hot and cold water became the norm.  Most modern front-loading European machines now only have a cold water connection (called "cold fill") and rely completely on internal electric heaters to raise the water temperature.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trocknerland.com/waermepumpentrockner |title=Test & Vergleich |access-date=March 17, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305225117/http://www.trocknerland.com/waermepumpentrockner/ |archive-date=March 5, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Many of the early automatic machines had coin-in-the-slot facilities and were installed in the basement laundry rooms of apartment houses.

[[File:Заливная и сливная арматура стиралки-автомата.jpg|thumb|upright|Automatic washing machine fittings.<br />On the left is a ball valve from the water supply and a water inlet hose.<br />On the right is a drainage pipe made of PVC pipes, to which a drain hose is connected.]]

===World War II and after===
[[File:Hoover 0307 pulsator washing machine (1).jpg|thumb|upright|A Hoover 0307, manufactured from 1947 to 1957]]
After the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], US domestic washer production was suspended for the duration of [[World War II]] in favor of manufacturing war [[materiel|material]]. However, numerous US appliance manufacturers were permitted to undertake the research and development of washers during the war years. Many took the opportunity to develop automatic machines, realizing that these represented the future of the industry.<ref>{{cite web |author=A. S. Campbell Company |date=1942-12-28 |title=Your Next Washing Machine (or is it?) |url=http://gogd.tjs-labs.com/show-picture?id=1129064419 |access-date=13 September 2012 |page=88 |magazine=Time}}</ref>

A large number of US manufacturers introduced competing automatic machines (mainly of the top-loading type) in the late 1940s and early 1950s. [[General Electric]] also introduced its first top-loading automatic model in 1947. This machine had many of the features that are incorporated into modern machines. Another early form of automatic washing machine manufactured by [[The Hoover Company]] used cartridges to program different wash cycles. This system, called the "Keymatic", used plastic cartridges with key-like slots and ridges around the edges. The cartridge was inserted into a slot on the machine and a mechanical reader operated the machine accordingly.

Several manufacturers produced semi-automatic machines, requiring the user to intervene at one or two points in the wash cycle. A common semi-automatic type (available from Hoover in the UK until at least the 1970s) included two tubs: one with an agitator or impeller for washing, plus another smaller tub for water extraction or centrifugal rinsing.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}} These machines, as well as other older designs like the manual rotating drum, are still available, but are typically only used in circumstances where a standard water and power hookup for a washing machine is unavailable. Many are marketed for camping due to their light weight and ability to function without a water connection. [[File:Waschvollautomat Constructa 1950er.jpg|thumb|upright|A 1950s model [[Constructa (company)|Constructa]]]]
Since their introduction, automatic washing machines have relied on [[timer|electromechanical timer]]s to sequence the washing and extraction process. Electromechanical timers consist of a series of [[Cam (mechanism)|cam]]s on a common shaft driven by a small electric motor via a [[reduction gearbox]]. At the appropriate time in the wash cycle, each cam actuates a switch to engage or disengage a particular part of the machinery (for example, the drain pump motor). One of the first was invented in 1957 by [[Winston L. Shelton]] and Gresham N. Jennings, then both [[General Electric]] engineers. The device was granted US Patent 2870278.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.google.la/patents/US2870278 | title = Timing mechanism for conducting a selected one of a plurality of sequences of operation | access-date = 2 November 2017}}</ref>

On the early electromechanical timers, the motor ran at a constant speed throughout the wash cycle, although the user could truncate parts of the program by manually advancing the control dial. However, by the 1950s demand for greater flexibility in the wash cycle led to the introduction of more sophisticated electrical timers to supplement the electromechanical timer. These newer timers enabled greater variation in functions such as the wash time. With this arrangement, the electric timer motor is periodically switched off to permit the clothing to soak and is only re-energized just before a micro-switch being engaged or disengaged for the next stage of the process. Fully electronic timers did not become widespread until decades later.

Despite the high cost of automatic washers, manufacturers had difficulty meeting the demand. Although there were material shortages during the [[Korean War]], by 1953 automatic washing machine sales in the US exceeded those of wringer-type electric machines.

In the UK and most of Europe, electric washing machines did not become popular until the 1950s. This was largely because of the economic impact of World War II on the consumer market, which did not properly recover until the late 1950s. The early electric washers were single-tub wringer-type machines, as fully automatic washing machines were expensive.

During the 1960s, twin tub machines briefly became popular, helped by the low price of the [[Rolls Razor]] washers. Twin tub washing machines have two tubs, one larger than the other. The smaller tub in reality is a spinning drum for centrifugal drying while the larger tub only has an agitator in its bottom. Some machines could pump used wash water into a separate tub for temporary storage and to later pump it back for re-use. This was done not to save water or soap, but because ''heated'' water was expensive and time-consuming to produce. Automatic washing machines did not become dominant in the UK until well into the 1970s and by then were almost exclusively of the front-loader design.

In early automatic washing machines, any changes in impeller/drum speed were achieved by mechanical means or by a [[rheostat]] on the motor power supply. However, since the 1970s electronic control of motor speed has become a common feature on the more expensive models.

=== Cost-cutting and contemporary development ===
<!-- EDITORIAL NOTE: If you have doubts about something, do not delete text, instead, add the citation needed template or go search for citations! -->
Over time manufacturers of automatic washers have gone to great lengths to reduce costs. For instance, expensive gearboxes are no longer required, since motor speed can be controlled electronically. Some models can be controlled via WiFi, and have angled/tilted drums to facilitate loading.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://panasonic.jp/wash/products/na_vg2400.html|title=ななめドラム洗濯乾燥機 NA-VG2400L/R &#124; 商品一覧 &#124; 洗濯機／衣類乾燥機 &#124; Panasonic|website=panasonic.jp}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ifdesign.com/en/winner-ranking/project/national-na-v81/2264|title=iF Design - National NA-V81|website=ifdesign.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US20050257576A1/en?q=(washing+machine+tilted+)&assignee=Panasonic+Corp&oq=(washing+machine+tilted+)+assignee:(Panasonic+Corp)+|title=Drum type washing machine}}</ref>

Even on some expensive washers, the outer drum of front-loading machines is often (but not always) made of plastic (it can also be made out of metal, but this is expensive). This makes [[Planned obsolescence|changing the main bearings difficult]], as the plastic drum usually cannot be separated into two halves to enable the inner drum to be removed to gain access to the bearing.

Many residential front-loading washing machines typically have a {{convert|25|kg|abbr=on}} concrete block to dampen vibration.<ref name="new atlas" /> Alternatives include a plastic counterweight that can be filled with water after delivery,<ref name="new atlas">{{Cite web |date=2017-08-04 |title=Concrete-free washing machines are lighter to transport, just as good in a spin |url=https://newatlas.com/plastic-counterweight-washing-machine-concrete/50769/ |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=New Atlas |language=en-US}}</ref> reducing or controlling motor speeds, using hydraulic suspensions instead of spring suspensions, and having freely moving steel balls or liquid contained inside a ring mounted on both the top and bottom of the drum to counter the weight of the clothes and reduce vibration.<ref>{{cite web |title=Home Appliances – Washer – Front Loading Drum Type – BD-W90XWV |url=http://www.hitachi-hk.com.hk/en/products/index_id_2015.html |website=www.hitachi-hk.com.hk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://hmsi-hitachi.co.th/eng/|title=Hitachi Modern Sales Thailand|website=hmsi-hitachi.co.th}}</ref>

Most newer front-load machines now use a [[Brushless DC electric motor|brushless DC (BLDC) motor]] directly connected to the basket (direct drive), where the stator assembly is attached to the rear of the outer plastic drum assembly, whilst the co-axial rotor is mounted on the shaft of the inner drum.<ref>{{cite patent|country=US|number=7750531|title=Direct drive motor in washing machine|issue-date=2005-11-08}}.</ref> The direct drive motor eliminates the need for a pulley, belt, and belt tensioner.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4853571A/en?q=(rotor)&assignee=Fisher+and+Paykel+Appliances+Ltd&before=priority:20000101&after=priority:19850101&oq=assignee:(Fisher+and+Paykel+Appliances+Ltd)+before:priority:20000101+after:priority:19850101+rotor|title=Intermediate bearing drives for clothes washing machines}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US5247231A/en?q=(rotor)&assignee=Fisher+and+Paykel+Appliances+Ltd&before=priority:20000101&after=priority:19850101&oq=assignee:(Fisher+and+Paykel+Appliances+Ltd)+before:priority:20000101+after:priority:19850101+rotor&page=1|title=Methods of and/or apparatus for braking an electronically commutated motor and/or laundry machines incorporating the same}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US5040285A/en?q=(rotor)&assignee=Fisher+and+Paykel+Appliances+Ltd&before=priority:20000101&after=priority:19850101&oq=assignee:(Fisher+and+Paykel+Appliances+Ltd)+before:priority:20000101+after:priority:19850101+rotor|title=Method of manufacturing a motor element of an electric motor}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/AU599960B2/en?q=(rotor)&assignee=Fisher+and+Paykel+Appliances+Ltd&before=priority:20000101&after=priority:19850101&oq=assignee:(Fisher+and+Paykel+Appliances+Ltd)+before:priority:20000101+after:priority:19850101+rotor|title=Improvements in or relating to drives for clothes washing machines}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4813248A/en?q=(rotor)&assignee=Fisher+and+Paykel+Appliances+Ltd&before=priority:20000101&after=priority:19850101&oq=assignee:(Fisher+and+Paykel+Appliances+Ltd)+before:priority:20000101+after:priority:19850101+rotor|title=Drives for clothes washing machines}}</ref> It was first introduced to washing machines by Fisher and Paykel in 1991. Since then, other manufacturers have followed suit. Some washing machines with this type of motor now come with 10-year or 20-year warranties.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-10-26|title=The Best Washing Machines (and Their Matching Dryers)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-best-washer-and-dryer/|access-date=2020-12-20|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesskorea.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=15731|title=LG Announces 20-Year Warranties to Take Lead in European Home Electronics Market|first=Cho|last=Jin-young|date=September 1, 2016|website=Businesskorea}}</ref> The motor type used is an outrunner, due to its slim design with variable speed and high torque. The rotor is connected to the inner tub through its center. It can be made of metal or plastic. Some direct drive washers use induction motors instead of BLDC motors.<ref name="uncleharrywizard.com">{{Cite web | url=http://www.uncleharrywizard.com/NephewClub/wizardwasher/whirlpool-kitchen-aid/original-direct-drive-86-07/Whirlpool%20-%20Washer%20-%20Direct%20Drive%20Repair%20Man.pdf | title=Whirlpool - Washer - Direct Drive Repair Manual | website=www.uncleharrywizard.com}}</ref>

==== Additional features ====
The modern washing machine market has seen several innovations and features, examples including:
* Washing machines including water jets (also known as water sprays, jet sprays<ref>in LG washers</ref> and water showers) and steam nozzles<ref name="samsung.com">{{cite web |title=WV9900 6.0 cu. ft. FlexWash™ Washer Washers – WV60M9900AV/A5 |url=https://www.samsung.com/us/home-appliances/washers/2-in-1/wv9900-6-0-cu--ft--flexwash--washer-wv60m9900av-a5/ |access-date=2018-02-19 |website=Samsung US |language=en}}</ref> that claim to sanitize clothes, help reduce washing times, and remove soil from the clothes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lg.com/us/washers/lg-WM9500HKA-front-load-washer|title=LG WM9500HKA: LG SIGNATURE 5.8 cu. ft. Mega Capacity Washer {{!}} LG USA|website=www.lg.com|language=en|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref> Water jets get their water from the bottom of the drum, thus recirculating the water in the washer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/JP5325861B2/en?q=(detergent+air)&assignee=hitachi&country=JP&oq=country:JP+detergent+air+hitachi|title=ドラム式洗濯乾燥機}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=FRIGIDAIRE FAHE4044MW SPECIFICATIONS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/EP2455533B1/en?q=(washer+water+jet)&assignee=electrolux&oq=electrolux+washer+water+jet&page=1|title=Method of operating a washing machine and washing machine}}</ref>
* Others have special drums with holes that will fill with water from the bottom of the tub and redeposit the water on top of the clothes. Some drums have elements with the shape of waves, pyramids, hexagons, domes, or diamonds.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://reviewed.usatoday.com/laundry/content/lg-wm5000hva-front-load-washing-machine-review|title=This washing machine looks like nothing else out there.|website=Reviewed}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.samsung.com/au/support/home-appliances/what-is-a-diamond-drum/|title=What is a Diamond Drum? {{!}} Samsung Support Australia|website=Samsung au|language=en-AU|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mieleusa.com/domestic/1563.htm?info=200003459-ZPV|title=The patented Miele honeycomb drum - Front Loaders|website=www.mieleusa.com|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hotpoint Aquarius WMAQF 721P Washing Machine – White – Hotpoint UK |url=https://www.hotpoint.co.uk/large-appliances-1/washing-machines-3/hotpoint-aquarius-wmaqf-721p-washing-machine-white/F085506/ |access-date=2018-02-19 |website=www.hotpoint.co.uk |language=en-uk}}</ref>
* Some include titanium or ceramic heating elements that claim to eliminate calcium buildup in the element.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.samsung.com/in/support/skp/faq/434084|title=What is Ceramic Heater in Front load washing machines|website=www.samsung.com|language=en|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref> They can heat water up to {{Convert|95|C}}. 
* Some high-end models have lights built into the washer itself to light the drum,<ref name="samsung.com"/> 
* Others have soap dispensers where the user fills a tank<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lg.com/us/washer-dryer-combos/lg-LUWM101HWA|title=LG LUWM101HWA: LG SIGNATURE SmartThinQ Washer/Dryer Combo {{!}} LG USA|website=www.lg.com|language=en|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.consul.com.br/produto/lavadora-automatica-facilite-estoque-facil/|title=Lavadora Consul 11 kg Facilite com Estoque Fácil Branca|work=Consul|access-date=2018-02-19|language=pt-BR}}</ref> with detergent and softener and the washing machine automatically doses the detergent and softener<ref>{{cite web|url=http://panasonic.jp/wash/product/na_vx9800.html|title=ななめドラム洗濯乾燥機 NA-VX9800L/R {{!}} 洗濯機／衣類乾燥機 {{!}} Panasonic|website=panasonic.jp|language=ja|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref> and, in some cases, chooses the most appropriate wash cycle.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lg.com/uk/washing-machines/lg-FH4G1BCS2W|title=LG TWINWash™ Washing Machine with True Steam™ and Turbowash™ technology {{!}} LG UK|website=www.lg.com|language=en|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref> In some models, the tanks come pre-filled and are installed and replaced with new tanks, also pre-filled or refilled by the user, in a dedicated compartment on the bottom of the machine.<ref>{{cite web |title=Miele W1 TwinDos Technologie {{!}} A unique dispensing system with 2-phase detergent for unbeatably clean laundry |url=https://www.miele.co.uk/microsite/twindos/ |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=www.miele.co.uk |language= |archive-date=2018-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220151919/https://www.miele.co.uk/microsite/twindos/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Some have support for single-use capsules containing enough laundry additives for one load. The capsules are installed in the detergent compartment.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Adaptive Dispenser™ Takes On PODS to Clean Your Clothes |url=https://www.electroluxappliances.com/live-love-lux/adaptive-dispenser/ |website=www.electroluxappliances.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=CapDosing – Product benefits of detergents |url=https://www.miele.com.au/domestic/2560.htm?info=200020123-ZPV |access-date=2018-02-19 |website=www.miele.com.au}}</ref>
* Many dilute the detergent before it comes in contact with the clothes,<ref name="Consul">{{Cite news|url=https://www.consul.com.br/produto/maquina-de-lavar-consul-8-kg-dose-certa-e-lavagem-economica-cwe08ab/|title=Máquina de Lavar Consul 8kg Lavagem Econômica|work=Consul|access-date=2018-02-19|language=pt-BR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.consul.com.br/produto/lavadora-consul-16-kg-cwl16/|title=Máquina de Lavar Consul 16kg com Ciclo Edredom|work=Consul|access-date=2018-02-19|language=pt-BR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.consul.com.br/produto/lavadora-consul-facilite-11-kg/|title=Máquina de Lavar Consul 11kg com Lavagem Econômica|work=Consul|access-date=2018-02-19|language=pt-BR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.consul.com.br/produto/lavadora-automatica-facilite-11k/|title=Máquina de Lavar Consul 11kg com Reutilização de Água|work=Consul|access-date=2018-02-19|language=pt-BR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.consul.com.br/produto/lavadora-consul-facilite-10-kg/|title=Máquina de Lavar Consul 10kg com Lavagem Econômica|work=Consul|access-date=2018-02-19|language=pt-BR}}</ref> some by means of mixing the soap and water with air to make foam,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.samsung.com/global/how-ecobubble-works|title=How "Ecobubble" Works|website=news.samsung.com|language=en|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref> which is then introduced into the drum and improves cleaning performance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.trustedreviews.com/reviews/samsung-wf90f7e6u6w|title=Samsung WF90F7E6U6W|date=January 30, 2014|website=Trusted Reviews}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US5307649A/en|title=Washing machine with a bubble generator}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US20210254256A1/en|title=Bubble generator and washing machine having the same}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/CN102383292A/en|title=Foam generator for washing machine}}</ref> Alternatively, micro bubbles may be used instead.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/JP2018118175A/en?q=(washing+machine+micro+bubble)&country=JP&oq=country:JP+washing+machine+micro+bubble|title=洗濯機}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/JP2008161352A/en?q=(washing+machine+micro+bubble)&country=JP&oq=country:JP+washing+machine+micro+bubble|title=洗濯機}}</ref>
* Some have pulsators that are mounted on a plate on the bottom of the drum instead of an agitator.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.samsung.com/latin_en/washing-machines/top-loader-wa16f7l4uwacx6/|title=WA16F7L4UWA Wobble Technology 16 kg {{!}} WA16F7L4UWACX6 {{!}} Samsung Caribbean|website=Samsung latin_en|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.samsung.com/sg/consumer/flagship/WA10WPBIC/|title=Wobble Technology|website=www.samsung.com|language=en|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.samsung.com/latin_en/washing-machines/top-loader-wa90h4400ss/|title=WA4000HS Top Loader with Wobble Pulsator, 9 kg {{!}} WA90H4400SS/AP {{!}} Samsung Caribbean|website=Samsung latin_en|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref> The plate spins, and the pulsators generate waves that help shake the soil out of the clothes. Many also include mechanisms to prevent or remove undissolved detergent residue on the detergent dispenser.<ref>{{cite web |title=Active Dual Wash – 13 Kg top loading washing machine {{!}} WA13J5730SS/YL {{!}} Samsung Saudi Arabia |url=http://www.samsung.com/sa_en/washing-machines/top-loader-wa13j5730ss/ |access-date=2018-02-19 |website=Samsung sa_en |language=en-SA}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://panasonic.jp/wash/product/fa_fw_jfa/awasenjyo_w.html|title=FW/FD/FA/JFAシリーズ特長：泡洗浄W {{!}} 洗濯機／衣類乾燥機 {{!}} Panasonic|website=panasonic.jp|language=ja|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.consul.com.br/produto/lavadora-consul-8kg-2/|title=Máquina de Lavar Consul 8kg Lavagem Econômica|work=Consul|access-date=2018-02-19|language=pt-BR}}</ref> 
* It is possible to incorporate a blower and a nozzle to smooth wrinkles in clothes without removing them from the washer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/JP2011245035A/en?q=(washing+machine+wrinkle)&assignee=hitachi&oq=hitachi+washing+machine+wrinkle|title=洗濯乾燥機}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/JP2017000403A/en?q=(washing+machine)&assignee=hitachi&oq=hitachi+washing+machine|title=洗濯機}}</ref>
* Some manufacturers like LG Electronics and Samsung Electronics have introduced functions on their washers that allow users to troubleshoot common problems with their washers without having to contact technical support. LG's approach involves a phone receiving signals through sound tones, while Samsung's approach involves having the user take a photo of the washer's time display with a phone. In both methods, the problem and steps to resolve it are displayed on the phone itself.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lg.com/uk/support/smart-diagnosis|title=LG SMART DIAGNOSIS {{!}} LG U.K.|website=www.lg.com|language=en|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.samsung.com/us/support/answer/ANS00050453/|title=Use Smart Care|website=Samsung Electronics America|language=en|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref> Some models are also NFC enabled.<ref>{{cite web |title=LG Video Tutorials: LG Washer / Dryer – NFC Tag On – Cycle Download {{!}} LG U.S.A. |url=http://www.lg.com/us/support/video-tutorials/CT10000010-1398697725220-options |access-date=2018-02-19 |website=www.lg.com |language=en}}</ref> Some implementations are patented under [https://patents.google.com/patent/US20050268669A1/en?q=D06F37%2f04&assignee=Samsung+Electronics+Co.%2c+Ltd. US Patent US20050268669A1] and [https://patents.google.com/patent/US20050097927A1/en?q=D06F37%2f04&assignee=Samsung+Electronics+Co.%2c+Ltd. US Patent US20050097927A1].
[[File:IFA 2010 Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin 111.JPG|thumb|upright|A see-through Bosch machine at the IFA 2010 in Berlin shows its internal components.]]
In 1976 [[Servis]] released the world's first microcontroller operated washing machine, the Servis Selectronic 301.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.automaticwasher.org/TD/AWJPEG/VINTAGE/2007/2-28-2007-11-03-17--RobM.jpg|title=Servis Selectronic|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250108232520/https://www.automaticwasher.org/TD/AWJPEG/VINTAGE/2007/2-28-2007-11-03-17--RobM.jpg |archive-date=8 January 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cuttingsarchive.org/images/c/cf/1979-07-12_Telegraph.jpg|title=Telegraph advert}}</ref> In 1980 Hotpoint (UK) were the second manufacturer to produce a microcontroller based washing machine, the first of their top of line Microtronic series, the Hotpoint Microtronic X2000<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.picuki.com/media/1630175511206576497|title=Diana Ross Advert|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118235704/https://www.picuki.com/media/1630175511206576497 |archive-date=18 November 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.automaticwasher.org/cgi-bin/TD/TD-VIEWTHREAD.cgi?33256|title=Microtronic service Manual}}</ref> both used chips from the [[Texas Instruments TMS1000]] family of microcontrollers.
  
In the early 1990s, upmarket machines incorporated [[microcontrollers]] for the timing process. These proved reliable and cost-effective, so many cheaper machines now also incorporate microcontrollers rather than electromechanical timers. Since the 2010s, some machines have had touchscreen displays, full-color or color displays, or touch-sensitive control panels.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.samsung.com/uk/laundry/washing-machine/|title=Washing Machines {{!}} Freestanding|website=Samsung uk|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ななめドラム洗濯乾燥機 NA-VX900AL/R &#124; 商品一覧 &#124; 洗濯機／衣類乾燥機 &#124; Panasonic |url=https://panasonic.jp/wash/products/na_vx900a.html |website=panasonic.jp |language=ja}}</ref>

In 1994, [[Staber Industries]] released the System 2000 washing machine, which is the only top-loading, horizontal-axis washer to be manufactured in the United States. The hexagonal tub spins like a front-loading machine, using only about one-third as much water as conventional top-loaders. This factor has led to an [[Energy Star]] rating for its high efficiency. This type of horizontal-axis washer and dryer (with a circular drum) is often used in Europe, where space is limited, as they can be as thin as {{Convert|41|cm|abbr=on}} in width.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manual.gt/candy/cst-27le1-s/especificacoes|title=Especificações de Candy CST 27LE/1-S|website=www.manual.gt}}</ref>

In 1998, [[New Zealand]]-based company [[Fisher & Paykel]] introduced its SmartDrive washing machine line in the US. This washing machine uses a computer-controlled system to determine factors such as load size and adjusts the wash cycle to match. It also used a mixed system of washing, first with the "Eco-Active" wash, using a low level of recirculated water being sprayed on the load followed by a more traditional style wash. The SmartDrive also included a direct drive [[brushless DC electric motor]], which simplified the bowl and agitator drive by eliminating the gearbox system.

In 2000, the British [[inventor]] [[James Dyson]] launched the CR01 [[ContraRotator]], a type of washing machine with two cylinders rotating in opposite directions. It was claimed that this design reduced the wash time and produced cleaner washing than a single-cylinder machine. In 2004 the launch of the CR02, was the first washing machine to gain the British Allergy Foundation Seal of Approval. However, neither of the ContraRotator machines is now in production as they were expensive to manufacture. They were discontinued in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|last=Dyson|first=James|title=Inside Dyson: CR01|url=http://content.dyson.co.uk/insideDyson/article.asp?aID=cr01&disType=nonFlash&dir=&cp=&hf=1&js=1|publisher=dyson.co.uk|access-date=13 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523024545/http://content.dyson.co.uk/insideDyson/article.asp?aID=cr01&disType=nonFlash&dir=&cp=&hf=1&js=1|archive-date=23 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-12-18/james-dyson-on-killing-the-contrarotator-his-educative-failure|title=James Dyson on Killing the Contrarotator, His 'Educative Failure'|date=2012-12-18|work=Bloomberg.com|access-date=2018-02-19|language=en}}</ref> It is patented under [https://patents.google.com/patent/US7750531B2/en U.S. Patent US7750531B2], [https://patents.google.com/patent/US6311527 U.S. Patent US6311527], [https://patents.google.com/patent/US20010023513 U.S. Patent US20010023513], [https://patents.google.com/patent/US6311527B1/en?q=D06F21%2f04 U.S. Patent US6311527B1], [https://patents.google.com/patent/USD450164 U.S. Patent USD450164].<ref>{{cite web |date=2004-11-12 |title=Dyson – Patent and design applications |url=http://www.international.dyson.com:80/tech/contrarotator/patents.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041112141138/http://www.international.dyson.com/tech/contrarotator/patents.asp |archive-date=2004-11-12 |access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref>

In 2001, [[Whirlpool Corporation]] introduced the Calypso, the first vertical-axis high-efficiency washing machine to be top-loading. A washplate in the bottom of the tub [[wikt: nutate|nutated]]<!-- it is actually something like [[precession]], but not a [[nutation]] in scientific parlance --> (a special wobbling motion) to bounce, shake, and toss the laundry. Simultaneously, water containing detergent was sprayed onto the laundry. The machine proved to be good at cleaning but gained a bad reputation due to frequent breakdowns and destruction of laundry. The washer was recalled with a [[class-action lawsuit]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.calypsosettlement.com:80/faq.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060406002305/http://www.calypsosettlement.com/faq.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=2006-04-06|title=Calypso Washing Machine Class Settlement|date=2006-04-06|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref> and pulled off the market.

[[File:Washing Machine Beko.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[Beko]] washing machine; modern household washing machines start at {{convert|1|kg|0|abbr=on}} capacity, designed for smaller households, and span to {{convert|24|kg|0|abbr=on}} load capacity.]]
In 2003, [[Maytag]] introduced their top-loading Neptune TL FAV6800A and TL FAV9800A washers. Instead of an agitator, the machine had two washplates, perpendicular to each other and at a 45-degree angle from the bottom of the tub. The machine would fill with only a small amount of water and the two wash plates would spin, tumbling the load within it, mimicking the action of a front-loading washer in a vertical-axis design.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lg.com/pa_en/washing-machines-and-dryers/lg-WM5000HVA|title=washers/lg-WM5000HVA-front-load-washer|website=www.lg.com|language=en|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.samsung.com/latin_en/washing-machines/washer-wf22h6300ag/|title=WF22H6300 Washer with Super Speed, 22 kg {{!}} WF22H6300AG/AX |website=Samsung Caribbean |access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=DWD-CV701PC WALL MOUNTED WASHING MACHINE( 3KG, 700RPM)|url=https://electronicsreview.in/dwd-cv701pc-wall-mounted-washing-machine-3kg-700rpm/|website=Electronics Review|date=4 May 2020|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2018-02-19|language=en|title=LG 2kg, TWIN Load Washing Machine|url=http://www.lg.com/sg/washing-machines/lg-TG2402NTWW-twin-load|website=LG Singapore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.samsung.com/latin_en/washing-machines/top-loader-wa24j8700gp/|title=WA24J8700GP Faster Wash Cycle, 24 kg {{!}} WA24J8700GP/AX |website=Samsung Caribbean |access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lg.com/sa_en/washing-machines/lg-WTR24DHM|title=LG Washing Machine with Big Capacity|website=www.lg.com|language=en|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref>

In 2006, [[Sanyo]] introduced the "world-first" (as of February 2, 2006, with regards to home use drum-type washer/dryer) drum-type washing machine with "Air Wash" function (i.e.: using [[ozone]] as a disinfectant). It also reused and disinfected rinse water.<ref>{{Cite press release |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060219032209/http://www.sanyo.co.jp/koho/hypertext4-eng/0602/0202-1e.html |archive-date=2006-02-19 |title=SANYO Announces the World-First Drum Type Washing Machine with 'Air Wash' Function |date=2006-02-02 |url=http://www.sanyo.co.jp:80/koho/hypertext4-eng/0602/0202-1e.html |publisher=Sanyo |access-date=2018-12-16 |url-status=live }}</ref> This washing machine uses only {{convert|50|L|1|abbr=on|lk=on}} of water in the recycle mode.

Approximately in 2012, eco-indicators were introduced, capable of predicting the energy demand based on the customer settings in terms of program and temperature.<ref>{{cite web |title=Whirlpool's Eco Monitor guarantees energy optimisation – The KBzine |url=https://www.thekbzine.com/pages/4580/whirlpools_eco_monitor_guarantees_energy_optimisation/ |access-date=2016-07-03 |website=www.thekbzine.com}}</ref>

Features available in most modern consumer washing machines:
* Delayed execution: a timer to delay the start of the laundry cycle
* Predefined programs for different laundry types
* Rotation speed settings
* Variable temperatures, including cold wash

Additionally, some modern machines feature:
* Child lock<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.consumerreports.org/child-safety/keep-young-kids-safe-from-front-load-washing-machine-accidents/|title=Keep Young Kids Safe From Front-Load Washing Machine Accidents|first=Kimberly|last=Janeway|website=Consumer Reports|date=8 August 2019 }}</ref>
* Steam
* Time remaining indication
* Extra water/rinse.
* UV disinfection.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gizmodo.com.au/2023/07/hisense-washing-machine-dryer/|title=You're Probably Washing Your Clothes Wrong, but Hisense Wants to Fix That|first=Asha|last=Barbaschow|work=Gizmodo Australia |date=July 20, 2023}}</ref>

Around 2015 and 2017, some manufacturers<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.samsung.com/us/explore/flex-wash/|title=Samsung FlexWash™: 2-in-1 Combo Washers {{!}} Samsung US|website=Samsung Electronics America|language=en|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.samsung.com/us/explore/flex-dry/|title=Samsung FlexDry™: 2-in-1 Combo Dryers {{!}} Samsung US|website=Samsung Electronics America|language=en|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lg.com/us/twinwash|title=LG TWINWash™: Dual Washer w/ Flexible Washing Options {{!}} LG USA|website=www.lg.com|language=en|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref> (namely Samsung and LG Electronics) offered washers and dryers that either have a top-loading washer and dryer built on top of a front-loading washer and dryer respectively (in Samsung washers and dryers) or offer users an optional top-loading washer that can be installed under a washer or dryer (for LG washers and dryers) Both manufacturers have also introduced front-loading washers allowing users to add items after a wash cycle has started,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lg.com/us/washers/lg-WM3180CW-front-load-washer|title=LG WM3180CW: Large Front Load Washer w/ ColdWash Technology {{!}} LG USA|website=www.lg.com|language=en|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.samsung.com/uk/addwash/|title=Samsung HA: AddWash™, Ecobubble, Washing Machine|website=Samsung uk|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref> and Samsung has also introduced top-loading washers with a built-in sink<ref>{{cite web |title=WA8750 5.4 cu. ft. activewash™ Top Load Washer with Integrated Touch Controls Washers – WA54M8750AV/A4 {{!}} Samsung US |url=https://www.samsung.com/us/home-appliances/washers/top-load/wa8750-5-4-cu--ft--activewash--top-load-washer-with-integrated-touch-controls-wa54m8750av-a4/ |access-date=2018-02-19 |website=Samsung Electronics America |language=en}}</ref> and a detergent dispenser that claims to leave no residue on the dispenser itself. In IFA 2017,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.samsung.com/global/samsung-cuts-laundry-time-in-half-with-groundbreaking-quickdrivetm-technology|title=Samsung Cuts Laundry Time in Half with Groundbreaking QuickDrive™ Technology|website=news.samsung.com|language=en|access-date=2018-12-16}}</ref> Samsung released the QuickDrive, a front-loading washer similar to the Dyson ContraRotator but instead of two counter-rotating drums, the QuickDrive has a single drum with a counter-rotating impeller mounted on the back of the drum. Samsung claims this technique reduces cycle times by half and energy consumption by 20%. The US has introduced standards for washing machines that improve their energy efficiency and reduce their water consumption.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://environmentamerica.org/center/media-center/biden-administration-sets-new-efficiency-standards-for-washing-machines-clothes-dryers/|title=Biden administration sets new efficiency standards for washing machines, clothes dryers|date=29 February 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/6254877/energy-department-efficiency-home-appliances/|title=The U.S. Is Requiring More Efficient Home Appliances: What to Know|first=Anisha|last=Kohli|date=February 11, 2023|magazine=TIME}}</ref>