Editing Water frame (section)

== History ==
[[Richard Arkwright]], who patented the technology in 1769,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Richard-Arkwright|title=Sir Richard Arkwright|access-date=2019-03-19|archive-date=20 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520231954/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Richard-Arkwright|url-status=live}}</ref> designed a model for the production of cotton thread, which was first used in 1765.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/TEXframe.htm |author=John Simkin |title=British History – The Textile System – The Water Frame |publisher=Spartacus Educational Publishers Ltd., 1997 |access-date=2019-01-09 |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118235548/https://spartacus-educational.com/TEXframe.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dbt.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/RyHIgvgsSeCYGZRl4Ep5RQ |title=A History of the World – Arkwright's Water Frame spinning machine |publisher=BBC |access-date=2019-01-09 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>  The Arkwright water frame was able to spin 96 threads at a time, which was an easier and faster method than ever before.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An old engraving of Arkwright's water or spinning frame |url=https://www.alamy.com/an-old-engraving-of-arkwrights-water-or-spinning-frame-it-is-from-a-victorian-mechanical-engineering-book-of-the-1880s-the-water-frame-is-a-spinning-frame-that-is-powered-by-a-water-wheel-richard-arkwright-17321792-who-patented-it-in-1769-designed-the-machine-for-making-cotton-thread-it-was-first-used-in-1765-and-was-able-to-spin-96-threads-at-a-time-far-faster-than-ever-before-in-1770-arkwright-and-partners-built-a-water-powered-mill-in-cromford-derbyshire-england-uk-it-soon-employed-over-300-people-and-is-often-regarded-as-the-first-factory-of-the-industrial-revolution-image388000233.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205160845/https://www.alamy.com/an-old-engraving-of-arkwrights-water-or-spinning-frame-it-is-from-a-victorian-mechanical-engineering-book-of-the-1880s-the-water-frame-is-a-spinning-frame-that-is-powered-by-a-water-wheel-richard-arkwright-17321792-who-patented-it-in-1769-designed-the-machine-for-making-cotton-thread-it-was-first-used-in-1765-and-was-able-to-spin-96-threads-at-a-time-far-faster-than-ever-before-in-1770-arkwright-and-partners-built-a-water-powered-mill-in-cromford-derbyshire-england-uk-it-soon-employed-over-300-people-and-is-often-regarded-as-the-first-factory-of-the-industrial-revolution-image388000233.html |archive-date=5 December 2021 |access-date=2021-12-05 |website=www.alamy.com |language=en}}</ref>  The design was partly based on a spinning machine built for [[Thomas Highs]] by clockmaker [[John Kay (spinning frame)|John Kay]], who was hired by Arkwright.<ref name="McNeil1990">{{cite book |title=An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology |last=McNeil |first=Ian |year=1990 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=0415147921 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780415147927/page/827 827]–30 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780415147927 }}</ref> Being run on water power, it produced stronger and harder yarn than the "[[spinning jenny]]", and propelled the adoption of the modern factory system.<ref>[[Richard L. Hills]], "Hargreaves, Arkwright and Crompton. Why Three Inventors?." ''Textile history'' 10.1 (1979): 114–126.</ref>

Another water-powered frame for the production of textiles was developed in 1760 in the early industrialized town of [[Elberfeld]], [[Prussia]] (now in [[Wuppertal]], [[Germany]]), by German bleach plant owner Johann Heinrich Bockmühl.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.die-bergischen-drei.de/en/tips-for-tours/industrial-heritage-expeditions/textil-im-wuppertal/stationen-in-elberfeld.html |title=Industrial Heritage Expeditions – Textile in Wuppertal |publisher=Bergische Struktur- und Wirtschaftsförderungsgesellschaft mbH |access-date=2019-01-09 |archive-date=2 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502133402/https://www.die-bergischen-drei.de/en/tips-for-tours/industrial-heritage-expeditions/textil-im-wuppertal/stationen-in-elberfeld.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://stadtgeschichte-wuppertal.de/hheyken_bilder/heyken_elberfelder_osten.pdf |author=Hinrich Heyken |title=Von Bleichern, Färbern und Fabrikanten |publisher=City of Wuppertal |access-date=2019-01-09 |archive-date=10 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210030217/http://stadtgeschichte-wuppertal.de/hheyken_bilder/heyken_elberfelder_osten.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

The name ''water frame'' is derived from the use of a water wheel to drive a number of spinning frames. The water wheel provided more power to the spinning frame than human operators, reducing the amount of human labor needed and increasing the spindle count dramatically. However, unlike the spinning jenny, the water frame could spin only one thread at a time until 1779, when Samuel Crompton combined the two inventions into his [[spinning mule]], which was more effective.

The water frame was originally powered by horses at a factory built by Arkwright and partners in Nottingham. In 1770, Arkwright and his partners built a water-powered mill in [[Cromford]], Derbyshire.