Editing Wave power (section)

== History ==
The first known patent to extract energy from ocean waves was in 1799, filed in Paris by [[Pierre-Simon Girard]] and his son.<ref name="cle2002">{{cite journal |author=Clément, A. |year=2002 |title=Wave energy in Europe: current status and perspectives |journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=405–431 |doi=10.1016/S1364-0321(02)00009-6|bibcode=2002RSERv...6..405C |display-authors=etal}}</ref> An early device was constructed around 1910 by Bochaux-Praceique to power his house in [[Royan]], France.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mech.ed.ac.uk/research/wavepower/0-Archive/EWPP%20archive/1976%20Leishman%20and%20Scobie%20NEL.pdf |title=The Development of Wave Power|access-date=December 18, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727162538/http://www.mech.ed.ac.uk/research/wavepower/0-Archive/EWPP%20archive/1976%20Leishman%20and%20Scobie%20NEL.pdf |archive-date=July 27, 2011}}</ref> It appears that this was the first oscillating water-column type of wave-energy device.<ref name="morris2007">{{cite journal |last1=Morris-Thomas |first1=Michael T. |year=2007 |title=An Investigation Into the Hydrodynamic Efficiency of an Oscillating Water Column |journal=Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering |volume=129 |issue=4 |pages=273–278 |doi=10.1115/1.2426992 |last2=Irvin |first2=Rohan J. |last3=Thiagarajan |first3=Krish P. |display-authors=etal}}</ref> From 1855 to 1973 there were 340 patents filed in the [[UK]] alone.<ref name="cle2002" />

Modern pursuit of wave energy was pioneered by [[Yoshio Masuda]]'s 1940s experiments.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jamstec.go.jp/jamstec/MTD/Whale/ |title=Wave Energy Research and Development at JAMSTEC|access-date=December 18, 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080701162330/http://www.jamstec.go.jp/jamstec/MTD/Whale/ |archive-date = July 1, 2008}}</ref> He tested various concepts, constructing hundreds of units used to power navigation lights. Among these was the concept of extracting power from the angular motion at the joints of an articulated raft, which Masuda proposed in the 1950s.<ref name="ey2006">{{cite conference |author1=Farley, F. J. M. |author2=Rainey, R. C. T. |name-list-style=amp |year=2006 |title=Radical design options for wave-profiling wave energy converters |book-title=International Workshop on Water Waves and Floating Bodies |location=Loughborough |url=http://www.iwwwfb.org/Abstracts/iwwwfb21/iwwwfb21_15.pdf |access-date=December 18, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726200118/http://www.iwwwfb.org/Abstracts/iwwwfb21/iwwwfb21_15.pdf |archive-date=July 26, 2011}}</ref>

The [[1973 oil crisis|oil crisis in 1973]] renewed interest in wave energy. Substantial wave-energy development programmes were launched by governments in several countries, in particular in the UK, Norway and Sweden.<ref name="Falnes1999" />  Researchers re-examined waves' potential to extract energy, notably [[Stephen Salter]], [[Johannes Falnes]], [[Kjell Budal]], [[Michael E. McCormick]], [[David Evans (mathematician)|David Evans]], Michael French, [[John Nicholas Newman|Nick Newman]], and [[C. C. Mei]].

Salter's [[1974 in science|1974 invention]] became known as [[Salter's duck]] or ''nodding duck'', officially the Edinburgh Duck. In small-scale tests, the Duck's curved [[Cam (mechanism)|cam]]-like body can stop 90% of wave motion and can convert 90% of that to electricity, giving 81% efficiency.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mech.ed.ac.uk/research/wavepower/EWPP%20archive/duck%20efficiency%20&%20survival%20notes.pdf |title=Edinburgh Wave Energy Project|publisher=[[University of Edinburgh]]|access-date=October 22, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061001110556/http://www.mech.ed.ac.uk/research/wavepower/EWPP%20archive/duck%20efficiency%20%26%20survival%20notes.pdf|archive-date=October 1, 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref>  In the 1980s, several other first-generation prototypes were tested, but as oil prices ebbed, wave-energy funding shrank. [[Climate change]] later reenergized the field.<ref name="falnes2007">{{cite journal |author=Falnes, J. |year=2007 |title=A review of wave-energy extraction |journal=Marine Structures |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=185–201 |doi=10.1016/j.marstruc.2007.09.001 |bibcode=2007MaStr..20..185F }}</ref><ref name="Falnes1999" />

The world's first wave energy test facility was established in [[Orkney]], Scotland in 2003 to kick-start the development of a wave and tidal energy industry. The [[European Marine Energy Centre|European Marine Energy Centre(EMEC)]] has supported the deployment of more wave and tidal energy devices than any other single site.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.emec.org.uk/about-us/emec-history/ |title=Our history |access-date=April 28, 2023}}</ref>  Subsequent to its establishment test facilities occurred also in many other countries around the world, providing services and infrastructure for device testing.<ref name="Aderinto2019">{{cite journal |author=Aderinto, Tunde |author2=Li, Hua |year=2019 |title=Review on power performance and efficiency of wave energy converters |journal=Energies |volume=12 |issue=22 |page=4329 |doi=10.3390/en12224329 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

The £10 million Saltire prize challenge was to be awarded to the first to be able to generate 100&nbsp;GWh from wave power over a continuous two-year period by 2017 (about 5.7&nbsp;MW average).<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 7, 2012 |title=Ocean Energy Teams Compete for $16 Million Scotland Prize |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/pages/article/120907-scotland-wave-energy-saltire-prize |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911165125/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/pages/article/120907-scotland-wave-energy-saltire-prize |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 11, 2022 |website=National geographic}}</ref>  The prize was never awarded.  A 2017 study by [[Strathclyde University]] and [[Imperial College]] focused on the failure to develop "market ready" wave energy devices – despite a UK government investment of over £200 million over 15 years.<ref>{{cite news |author=Scott Macnab |date=November 2, 2017 |title=Government's £200m wave energy plan undermined by failures |newspaper=The Scotsman |url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/environment/government-s-200m-wave-energy-plan-undermined-by-failures-1-4602617 |url-status=live |access-date=December 5, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205194623/https://www.scotsman.com/news/environment/government-s-200m-wave-energy-plan-undermined-by-failures-1-4602617 |archive-date=December 5, 2017}}</ref>

Public bodies have continued and in many countries stepped up the research and development funding for wave energy during the 2010s.  This includes both EU, US and UK where the annual allocation has typically been in the range 5-50 million USD.<ref>[http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2007/06/wave-energy-bill-approved-by-u-s-house-science-committee-48984.html Wave Energy Bill Approved by U.S. House Science Committee] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525063553/https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2007/06/wave-energy-bill-approved-by-u-s-house-science-committee-48984.html |date=May 25, 2018 }} June 18, 2007</ref><ref>[http://uaelp.pennnet.com/Articles/Article_Display.cfm?Section=ONART&PUBLICATION_ID=22&ARTICLE_ID=341078&C=ENVIR&dcmp=rss  DOE announces first marine renewable energy grants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040727181853/http://uaelp.pennnet.com/Articles/Article_Display.cfm?Section=OnArt|date=2004-07-27}} September 30, 2008</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ocean energy|url=https://research-and-innovation.ec.europa.eu/research-area/energy/ocean-energy_en |access-date=28 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Projects to unlock the potential of marine wave energy |date=March 24, 2021 |url=https://www.ukri.org/news/projects-to-unlock-the-potential-of-marine-wave-energy/ |access-date=28 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Wave energy Scotland |url=https://www.waveenergyscotland.co.uk/ |access-date=28 April 2023}}</ref>  Combined with private funding, this has led to a large number of ongoing wave energy projects (see [[List of wave power projects]]).