Editing Western rockhopper penguin (section)

==Taxonomy==
In 1743 the English naturalist [[George Edwards (naturalist)|George Edwards]] included an illustration and a description of the western rockhopper penguin in the first volume of his ''A Natural History of Uncommon Birds''. Edwards based his hand-coloured etching on a preserved specimen owned by [[Peter Collinson (botanist)|Peter Collinson]].<ref>{{ cite book | last=Edwards | first=George | author-link=George Edwards (naturalist) | year=1751 | title=A Natural History of Uncommon Birds | place=London | publisher=Printed for the author at the College of Physicians | volume=Part 1 | page=49, Plate 49 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/50240695 }}</ref> When in 1758 the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] updated his ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' for the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|tenth edition]], he placed the western rockhopper penguin with the [[red-billed tropicbird]] in the [[genus]] ''[[Phaethon]]''. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the [[binomial name]] ''Phaethon demersus'' and cited Edwards' work.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume=1 | edition=10th | page=135 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | place=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=la | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727040 }}</ref> The use of Linnaeus' binomial name was not adopted by later ornithologists, perhaps because he had already used the specific ''demersa'' for the [[African penguin]] which he placed with the [[wandering albatross]] in the genus ''[[Diomedea]]''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume=1 | edition=10th | page=132 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | place=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=la | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727037 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite journal | last=Allen | first=J.A. | author-link=Joel Asaph Allen | year=1904 | title=The case of ''Megalestris'' vs. ''Catharacta'' | journal=The Auk | volume=21 | issue=3 | pages=345–348 [346, Footnote 1]| url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15936080 | doi=10.2307/4070197 | jstor=4070197 | hdl=2027/hvd.32044107327124 }}</ref>

The western rockhopper penguin was [[species description|formally described]] in 1781 by the German naturalist [[Johann Reinhold Forster]] under the binomial name ''Aptenodytes chrysocome''.<ref>{{ cite journal | last=Forster | first=Johann Reinhold | author-link=Johann Reinhold Forster | date=1780 | title=Historia Aptenodytae. Generis Avium orbi Australi proprii | language=Latin | journal=Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis | volume=3 | pages=121–148 [133, 135] | url=https://archive.org/details/s4id13296820/page/n184/mode/1up }} Although the volume is dated 1780, the article was not published until 1781.</ref> The species is now placed in the genus ''[[Eudyptes]]'' that was introduced by the French ornithologist [[Louis Pierre Vieillot]] in 1816.<ref>{{cite book | last=Vieillot  | first=Louis Pierre | author-link=Louis Pierre Vieillot | year=1816 | title=Analyse d'une Nouvelle Ornithologie Élémentaire| publisher=Deterville/self |  location=Paris | pages=67, 70 | language=French| url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9745205x/f73.item }}<!--BHL has a scan of an 1883 reprint - same pagination http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12830237 --> The genus name is misspelled as ''Endyptes'' on page 67.</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen | date=February 2025 | title=Kagu, Sunbittern, tropicbirds, loons, penguins | work=IOC World Bird List Version 15.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/loons/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=19 March 2025 }}</ref> The genus name combines the [[Ancient Greek]] {{Transliteration|grc|eu}} meaning "fine" with {{Transliteration|grc|dyptes}} meaning "diver". The specific epithet ''chrysocome'' is from the Ancient Greek {{Transliteration|grc|khrusokomos}} meaning "golden-haired" (from {{Transliteration|grc|khrusos}} meaning "gold" and {{Transliteration|grc|komē}} meaning "hair").<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages=[https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n152/mode/1up 152], [https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n105/mode/1up 105] }}</ref> The species is [[monotypic]]: no [[subspecies]] are recognised.<ref name=ioc/>

The rockhopper penguin complex is confusing. Many taxonomists consider all three rockhopper penguin forms [[subspecies]]. Some split the northern subspecies (''moseleyi'') from the southern forms (''chrysocome'' and ''filholi''). Still others consider all three distinct. The subspecies recognized for the western rockhopper penguin complex are:<ref name=IUCN/>
* ''Eudyptes chrysocome chrysocome'', the '''western rockhopper penguin''' or '''American southern rockhopper penguin'''  – breeds around the southern tip of South America.
* ''Eudyptes chrysocome filholi'', the '''[[eastern rockhopper penguin]]''' or '''Indopacific southern rockhopper penguin'''  – breeds on subantarctic islands of the Indian and western Pacific oceans.

The [[northern rockhopper penguin]] lives in a different water mass from the western and eastern rockhopper penguin, separated by the [[Subtropical Front]], and they are genetically different. Therefore, northern birds are sometimes separated as ''E.&nbsp;moseleyi''. The rockhopper penguins are closely related to the [[macaroni penguin]] (''E.&nbsp;chrysolophus'') and the [[royal penguin]] (''E.&nbsp;schlegeli''), which may just be a colour [[morph (zoology)|morph]] of the macaroni penguin.

Interbreeding with the macaroni penguin has been reported at Heard and Marion Islands, with three hybrids recorded there by a 1987–88 Australian National Antarctic Research Expedition.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1071/MU9900198|last1=Woehler |first1=E. J.|year=1990|last2=Gilbert|first2=C. A.|title=Hybrid Rockhopper-Macaroni Penguins, interbreeding and mixed-species pairs at Heard and Marion Islands|journal=[[Emu (journal)|Emu]] |volume=90 |issue=3 |pages=198–210|bibcode=1990EmuAO..90..198W }}</ref>