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Winter wren
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==Taxonomy== The winter wren was described and illustrated in 1808 by the American ornithologist [[Alexander Wilson (ornithologist)|Alexander Wilson]]. He was uncertain as to whether the wren should be considered a separate species or a [[subspecies]] of the [[Eurasian wren]].<ref>{{ cite book | last=Wilson | first=Alexander | author-link=Alexander Wilson (ornithologist) | year=1808 | title=American Ornithology; or, the Natural History of the Birds of the United States: Illustrated with Plates Engraved and Colored from Original drawings taken from Nature | volume=3 | location=Philadelphia | publisher=Bradford and Inskeep | page=139, Plate 8 fig. 6 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/46341749 }}</ref> When [[Louis Pierre Vieillot]], a French [[Ornithology|ornithologist]], described the winter wren in 1819 he considered it a separate species and coined the current [[binomial name]] ''Troglodytes hiemalis''.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Vieillot | first=Louis Pierre | author-link=Louis Pierre Vieillot | year=1819 | title=Nouveau dictionnaire d'histoire naturelle, appliquée aux arts, à l'agriculture, à l'économie rurale et domestique, à la médecine, etc. | edition=Nouvelle édition | volume=34 | location=Paris | publisher=Deterville | page=514 | doi=10.5962/bhl.title.20211 | language=French | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/19479207 }}</ref> The specific epithet is [[Latin]] and means "of winter".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=192 | url=https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n192/mode/1up }}</ref> The [[type locality (biology)|type locality]] was restricted to [[Nova Scotia]] by [[Harry C. Oberholser ]] in 1902.<ref>{{ cite journal | last=Oberholser | first=Harry C. | author-link=Harry C. Oberholser | year=1902 | title=A synopsis of the genus commonly called ''Anorthura'' | journal=Auk | volume=19 | issue=2 | pages=175–181 [178] | doi=10.2307/4069309 | jstor=4069309 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15932563 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor1-last=Mayr | editor1-first=Ernst | editor1-link=Ernst Mayr | editor2-last=Greenway | editor2-first=James C. Jr | year=1960 | title=Check-list of Birds of the World | volume=9 | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=415 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14481090 }}</ref> The winter wren was formerly considered to be [[conspecific]] with the [[Eurasian wren]] (''Troglodytes troglodytes'') and the [[Pacific wren]] (''Troglodytes pacificus'').<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=January 2022 | title=Dapple-throats, sugarbirds, fairy-bluebirds, kinglets, hyliotas, wrens & gnatcatchers | work=IOC World Bird List Version 12.1 | url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/sugarbirds/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=28 May 2022 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite journal| last1=Chesser | first1=R Terry | last2=Banks | first2=Richard C | last3=Barker | first3=F Keith | last4=Cicero | first4=Carla | last5=Dunn | first5=Jon L | last6=Kratter | first6=Andrew W | last7=Lovette | first7=Irby J | last8=Rasmussen | first8=Pamela C | last9=Remsen | first9=JV Jr | last10=Rising | first10=James D | last11=Stotz | first11=Douglas F | last12=Winker | first12=Kevin | year=2010 | title=Fifty-First Supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-List of North American Birds |journal=The Auk |volume=127 | issue= 3 |pages= 726–744 [734–735] |doi=10.1525/auk.2010.127.4.966 | doi-access=free }}</ref> The Eurasian wren was split from the two North American species based on a study of mitochondrial DNA published in 2007.<ref name=drovetski>{{Cite journal | last1=Drovetski | first1=S.V. | last2=Zink | first2=R.M. | last3=Rohwer | first3=S. | last4=Fadeev | first4=I.V. | last5=Nesterov | first5=E.V. | last6=Karagodin | first6=I. | last7=Koblik | first7=E.A. | last8=Red'kin | first8=Y.A. | date=2004 | title=Complex biogeographic history of a Holarctic passerine | journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences | volume=271 | issue=1538 | pages=545–551 | doi=10.1098/rspb.2003.2638| pmid=15129966 | pmc=1691619 }}</ref> A study published in 2008 of the songs and [[genetics]] of individuals in an overlap zone between ''Troglodytes hiemalis'' and ''Troglodytes pacificus'' found strong evidence of [[reproductive isolation]] between the two. It was suggested that the ''pacificus'' subspecies be promoted to the species level designation of ''Troglodytes pacificus'' with the common name of "Pacific wren".<ref name=toews>{{cite journal |last1=Toews | first1=David P.L. |last2=Irwin | first2=Darren E. |year=2008 |title=Cryptic speciation in a Holarctic passerine revealed by genetic and bioacoustic analyses |journal=Molecular Ecology |volume=17 |issue=11 |pages=2691–2705 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03769.x | pmid=18444983 | bibcode=2008MolEc..17.2691T | s2cid=8488125 }}</ref> By applying a [[molecular clock]] to the amount of [[mitochondrial DNA]] sequence divergence between the two, it was estimated that ''Troglodytes pacificus'' and ''Troglodytes troglodytes'' last shared a [[common ancestor]] approximately 4.3 million years ago, long before the glacial cycles of the [[Pleistocene]], which are thought to have promoted [[speciation]] in many avian systems inhabiting the boreal forest of North America.<ref name=toews/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Weir |first1=J.T. | last2=Schluter | first2=D. |year=2004 |title=Ice sheets promote speciation in boreal birds |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=271 |issue=1551 |pages=1881–1887 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2004.2803 |pmid=15347509 |pmc=1691815 }}</ref> Two [[subspecies]] are recognised:<ref name=ioc/> * ''T. h. hiemalis'' Vieillot, 1819 – breeds in east Canada and northeast USA, winters in southeast USA * ''T. h. pullus'' (Burleigh, 1935) – breeds in mountains of West Virginia to Georgia (east-central USA), winters in south USA
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