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Workers' Party (Brazil)
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==History== [[File:Dep. lula.jpg|left|thumb|233x233px|Lula, at the time a [[Federal deputy|Federal Deputy]], makes a speech at the [[Brazilian Constituent Assembly (1988)|1988 Brazilian Constituent Assembly]]]] The Workers' Party was launched by a heterogeneous group made up of militants opposed to Brazil's military government, trade unionists, left-wing intellectuals and artists and Catholics linked to the [[liberation theology]]<ref name="Sam">Samuels, David. [http://lasa.international.pitt.edu/members/congress-papers/lasa2004/files/SamuelsDavid_xCD.pdf "From Socialism to Social Democracy: Party Organization and The Transformation of the Workers' Party in Brazil"]. ''Comparative Political Studies''. p. 3.</ref> on 10 February 1980 at Colégio Sion in [[São Paulo]], a private Catholic school for girls.<ref name="Ter">{{in lang|pt}} [[Agência Brasil]]. [http://noticias.terra.com.br/eleicoes2006/interna/0,,OI1051899-EI6651,00.html "Saiba mais sobre a história do PT"]. Terra. 24 June 2006.</ref> The party emerged as a result of the approach between the labor movements in the [[ABC Region]] such as the Conferência das Classes Trabalhadoras (Conclat), later developed into the [[Central Única dos Trabalhadores]] (CUT) which carried major strikes from 1978 to 1980; and the old Brazilian left-wing, whose proponents, many of whom were journalists, intellectuals, artists and union organizers, were returning from exile with the 1979 Amnesty law, many of them having endured imprisonment and torture at the hands of the military regime<ref>{{cite web|url=http://congressoemfoco.uol.com.br/opiniao/colunistas/para-que-nao-se-esqueca-para-que-nunca-mais-aconteca/|title=Para que não se esqueça, para que nunca mais aconteça|access-date=22 November 2016|date=2014-04-02}}</ref> in addition to years of exile.<ref name="Ter"/> [[Dilma Rousseff]] herself was imprisoned and tortured by the dictatorship.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/05/world/americas/president-rousseffs-decades-old-torture-detailed.html|title=Leader's Torture in the '70s Stirs Ghosts in Brazil|date=5 August 2012|work=The New York Times|access-date=22 November 2016}}</ref> {{rquote|center|PT was born by historical need. PT is not an accident. The future of Brazil goes through a party with the same program as PT, under any name whatsoever, under any leader whomsoever.|Claudio Solano, journalist}} PT was launched under a [[democratic socialism]] trend.<ref>{{in lang|pt}} [http://www2.fpa.org.br/manifesto-aprovado-na-reuniao-do-sion "Manifesto aprovado na reunião do Sion"]. 24 April 2006. Fundação Perseu Abramo.</ref> After the [[1964 Brazilian coup d'état|1964 ''coup d'état'']], Brazil's main federation of labor unions, the General Command of Workers (''Comando Geral dos Trabalhadores'' – CGT), which gathered leaders approved by the [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (Brazil)|Ministry of Labour]] since its formation, a practice tied to the fact that since [[Getúlio Vargas]]' dictatorship, unions had become quasi-state entities, was dissolved while unions themselves suffered intervention of the military regime. [[File:Trabalhadores.JPG|right|thumb|Workers' Party regional branch in [[Belo Horizonte]], [[Minas Gerais]]]] The resurgence of an organized labour movement, evidenced by strikes in the [[ABC Region]] on the late 1970s led by [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]], enabled the reorganization of the labour movement without the direct interference of the state. The movement originally sought to act exclusively in union politics, but the survival of a conservative unionism under the domination of the state (evidenced in the refoundation of CGT) and the influence exercised over the trade union movement by leaders of traditional left-wing parties, such as the [[Brazilian Communist Party]] (''Partido Comunista Brasileiro'', PCB), forced the unionist movement of ABC, encouraged by [[Anti-Stalinist left|anti-Stalinist]] leaders, to organize its own party. PT was officially recognized as a party by the [[Superior Electoral Court|Brazilian Supreme Electoral Court]] on 11 February 1982.<ref>{{in lang|pt}} [http://www.tse.gov.br/internet/partidos/index.htm Political parties registered under the Supreme Electoral Court] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129060458/http://www.tse.gov.br/internet/partidos/index.htm|date=November 29, 2010}}. Tribunal Superior Eleitoral.</ref> The first membership card belonged to art critic and former [[Trotskyism|Trotskyist]] activist Mário Pedrosa, followed by literary scholar [[Antonio Candido]] and historian [[Sérgio Buarque de Holanda]].<ref>{{in lang|pt}} OGASSAWARA, Juliana Sayuri. [http://www.revistaforum.com.br/sitefinal/EdicaoNoticiaIntegra.asp/?id_artigo=6979 "Onde estão os intelectuais brasileiros"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526035544/http://www.revistaforum.com.br/sitefinal/EdicaoNoticiaIntegra.asp/?id_artigo=6979 |date=May 26, 2020 }}. ''Fórum''. São Paulo: Editora Publisher, May 2009. Page 20.</ref> Holanda's daughter Ana de Holanda later became [[Ministry of Culture (Brazil)|Minister of Culture]] in the Rousseff cabinet. ===Electoral history=== [[File:Eleições PT e PSDB.gif|framed|Presidential elections against [[Brazilian Social Democracy Party|PSDB]] between 1994 and 2014]] Since 1988, the Workers' Party has grown in popularity on the national stage by winning the elections in many of the largest Brazilian cities, such as [[São Paulo]], [[Fortaleza]], [[Belo Horizonte]], [[Porto Alegre]] and [[Goiânia]] as well as in some important states, such as [[Rio Grande do Sul]], Espírito Santo and the [[Federal District (Brazil)|Federal District]]. During the time it governed [[Porto Alegre]], it implemented measures such as a progressive tax reform, involving the rich being taxed more highly to fund basic services for the poor, and the development of new institutions of genuine popular participation which gave, according to one study, "real decision-making power to civil society and involving a large number of civil organizations – from neighbourhood groups to non-governmental organisations (NGOs), and from cultural groups to education, health and housing pressure groups – in running the city."<ref>Introduction to Latin America Twenty-First Century Challenges by Peadar Kirby, P.151</ref> This winning streak culminated with the victory of its presidential candidate Lula in 2002 who succeeded [[Fernando Henrique Cardoso]] of the [[Brazilian Social Democracy Party]] (''Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira –'' PSDB). For its defense of [[economic liberalism]], PSDB is the party's main electoral rival as well as the [[Democrats (Brazil)|Democrats]], heir of the [[National Renewal Alliance]] (''Aliança Renovadora Nacional –'' ARENA), ruling party during the [[military dictatorship]]. Along with the [[Cidadania|Popular Socialist Party]] (''Partido Popular Socialista –'' PPS), a dissidence of PCB, they have been said to form the centre-right opposition to the Lula administration. '''1989 presidential elections'''<!--The general elections were a year later, in 1990.--> {{main|1989 Brazilian presidential election}} In the 1989 general elections, Lula went to the second round with [[Fernando Collor de Mello]]. Even though all centrist and left-wing candidates of the first round united around Lula's candidacy, Collor's campaign was strongly supported by the mass media (notably [[Rede Globo]] as seen on the documentary ''[[Beyond Citizen Kane]]'') and Lula lost in the second round by a close margin of 5.7%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/brazil/101.htm|title=Brazil – The Presidential Election of 1989|publisher=Countrystudies.us|access-date=1 November 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://scholar.google.com.br/scholar?hl=pt-BR&safe=off&q=author:%22Boas%22+intitle:%22Television+and+Neopopulism+in+Latin+America%22+&um=1&ie=UTF-8&oi=scholarr |title=author:"Boas" intitle:"Television and Neopopulism in Latin America" – Google Acadêmico|access-date=1 November 2010}}</ref> '''1994 and 1998 general elections''' {{main|1994 Brazilian general election|1998 Brazilian general election}} Leading up to the 1994 general elections, Lula was the leading presidential candidate in the majority of polls. As a result, centrist and right-wing parties openly united for [[Fernando Henrique Cardoso]]'s candidacy. As Minister of Economy, Cardoso created the [[Plano Real|Real Plan]], which established the [[Brazilian real|new currency]] and subsequently ended inflation and provided economic stability. As a result, Cardoso won the election in the first round with 54% of the votes. However, it has been noted that "the elections were not a complete disaster for PT, which significantly increased its presence in the Congress and elected for the first time two state governors".<ref name="1994 elections">{{cite book|last=Branford|first=Sue|author2=Bernardo Kucinski|title =Brazil: Carnival of the Oppressed|publisher=Latin America Bureau|year=1995|location=London|page=120|isbn=978-0-906156-99-5}}</ref> Cardoso would once again beat Lula in a rematch and re-elected for a second term in 1998. '''2002 general elections''' {{main|2002 Brazilian general election}} After the detrition of PSDB's image and as a result of an economic crisis that burst in the final years of Cardoso's government, Lula won the 2002 presidential election in the second round. '''2006 general elections''' {{main|2006 Brazilian general election}} On 29 October 2006, PT won 83 seats in the [[Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)|Chamber of Deputies]] and 11 seats in the [[Brazilian Senate|Federal Senate]]. Lula was re-elected with more than 60% of the votes, extending his position as [[President of Brazil]] until 1 January 2011.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/6095820.stm "Brazil re-elects President Lula"], [[BBC]], 30 October 2006.</ref> PT was now the second largest party in the Chamber of Deputies, the fourth largest party in the Federal Senate and has five state governorships. However, it only gained control of one among the ten richest states ([[Bahia]]). '''2010 general elections''' {{main|2010 Brazilian general election}} [[File:PT-black-cat-toucan.png|thumb|PT as a black cat chasing a toucan ([[Brazilian Social Democracy Party|PSDB]]'s mascot) by [[Carlos Latuff]]]] In the 2010 general elections held on 3 October, PT gained control of 17.15% of the seats in the Chamber of Deputies, a record for the party since 2002. With 88 seats gained, it became the largest party in the lower chamber for the first time ever. PT also became the second largest party in the Federal Senate for the first time after electing of 11 senators, making a total of 14 senators for the 2010–2014 legislature. [[With the Strength of the People|Its national coalition]] gained control of 311 seats in the lower house and 50 seats in the upper house, a broad majority in both houses which the Lula administration never had. This election also saw the decrease in the number of seats controlled by the [[Change Brazil|centre-right opposition bloc]] as it shrank from 133 to 111 deputies. The left-wing opposition, formed by PSOL, retained control of three seats. The party was also expected to elect its presidential candidate [[Dilma Rousseff]] in the first round. However, she was not able to receive the necessary number of valid votes (over 50%) and a second round in which she scored 56% of the votes took place on 31 October 2010. On 1 January 2011, she was inaugurated and thus became the first female [[head of government]] ever in the [[history of Brazil]] and the first ''de facto'' female [[head of state]] since the death in 1816 of [[Maria I of Portugal|Maria I]], [[List of Portuguese monarchs|Queen of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves]]. In the 2010 elections, PT retained control of the governorships of Bahia, [[Sergipe]] and [[Acre (state)|Acre]], in addition to gaining back control of Rio Grande do Sul and the Federal District. Nevertheless, it lost control of [[Pará]]. Candidates supported by the party won the race in [[Amapá]], Ceará, [[Espírito Santo]], Maranhão, [[Mato Grosso]], Pernambuco, [[Piauí]] and [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]], which means that PT would participate in 13 out of 27 state governorships. '''2014 general elections''' {{main|2014 Brazilian general election}}In the 2014 general elections held on 5 October, the party won 13.9% of the vote and 69 seats in the Chamber of Deputies, down from the 88 seats they gained in 2010. In the first round of the presidential election, Rousseff won 41.6% of the vote but not enough to secure a victory.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-09|title=Eleições 2014|url=http://www.eleicoes2014.com.br/|access-date=2021-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909193015/http://www.eleicoes2014.com.br/|archive-date=September 9, 2019}}</ref> In the run-off on 26 October, Rousseff was re-elected with a narrow victory with 51.6% of the vote against Senator [[Aécio Neves]].
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