Editing Workforce (section)

==Formal and informal==
[[File:Työpäivä päättyy Tampellassa.jpg|thumbnail|Workers leaving the [[Tampella]] factory in [[Tampere]], [[Finland]] in 1909]]
Formal labour is any sort of [[employment]] that is structured and paid in a formal way. They are paid formally using payrolls paper, electronic card and alike. <ref name="autogenerated4">Seager, Joni. 2008. The Penguin Atlas of Women in the World. 4th ed. New York: Penguin Books. Part 5</ref> Unlike the [[informal sector]] of the economy, formal labour within a country contributes to that country's [[gross national product]]. Informal labour is labour that falls short of being a formal arrangement in law or in practice. Labour inherit may come as formal or [[non-formal]], an employee old enough but below retirement age bracket passing on to his children. <ref>Larsson, Allan. "Empowerment of the Poor in Informal Employment." Commission on Legal Empowerment of the Poor (Jan. 2006): 1–10. Print</ref> It can be paid or unpaid and it is always unstructured and unregulated.<ref name="autogenerated2">Seager, Joni. 2008. The Penguin Atlas of Women in the World. 4th ed. New York: Penguin Books. Part 5.</ref> Formal employment is more reliable than informal employment. Generally, the former yields higher income and greater benefits and securities for both men and women.<ref name="autogenerated36">Chen, Martha, Joann Vanek, Francie Lund, James Heintz with Renana Jhabvala, and Christine Bonner. 2005. "Employment, Gender, and Poverty," in Progress of the World's Women, pp. 36–57. New York: United Nations Development Fund for Women</ref>

===Informal labour===
The contribution of informal labourers is immense. Informal labour is expanding globally, most significantly in [[developing countries]].<ref name="worldbank1">{{cite web |last1=Chen |first1=Martha Alter |title=Women in the Informal Sector: A Global Picture, The Global Movement |publisher=World Bank: 1–10. World Bank Info. Web. 5 Apr. 2011. |url=http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/76309/dc2002/proceedings/pdfpaper/module6mc.pdf |accessdate=2015-03-24 |url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113204603/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/76309/dc2002/proceedings/pdfpaper/module6mc.pdf |archivedate=2014-11-13 }}</ref> According to a study done by Jacques Charmes, in the year 2000 informal labour made up 57% of non-agricultural employment, 40% of urban employment, and 83% of the new jobs in Latin America. That same year, informal labour made up 78% of non-agricultural employment, 61% of urban employment, and 93% of the new jobs in Africa.<ref>Charmes, Jacques. "Informal Sector, Poverty and Gender: A Review of Empirical Evidence." World Development Report (Feb. 2000): 1–9. Centre of Economics and Ethics. Web. 5 Apr. 2011. {{cite web |url=http://www.wiego.org/papers/charmes3.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-03-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225122754/http://wiego.org/papers/charmes3.pdf |archive-date=2010-12-25 }}.</ref> Particularly after an economic crisis, labourers tend to shift from the formal sector to the informal sector. This trend was seen after the [[Asian economic crisis]] which began in 1997.<ref name="worldbank1"/>

===Informal labour and gender===
[[File:Employed civilians by occupation and sex - 2007.png|thumbnail|Employed civilians by occupation and gender in the United States as of 2007]]
[[Gender]] is frequently associated with informal labour. Women are employed more often informally than they are formally, and informal labour is an overall larger source of employment for females than it is for males.<ref name="autogenerated36"/> Women frequent the informal sector of the economy through occupations like home-based workers and [[Hawker (trade)|street vendors]].<ref name="worldbank1"/>  The Penguin Atlas of Women in the World shows that in the 1990s, 81% of women in Benin were street vendors, 55% in Guatemala, 44% in Mexico, 33% in Kenya, and 14% in India. Overall, 60% of women workers in the developing world are employed in the informal sector.<ref name="autogenerated4" />

The specific percentages are 84% and 58% for women in [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] and [[Latin America]] respectively.<ref name="autogenerated4" /> The percentages for men in both of these areas of the world are lower, amounting to 63% and 48% respectively.<ref name="autogenerated4" /> In Asia, 65% of women workers and 65% of men workers are employed in the informal sector.<ref name="autogenerated4"/> Globally, a large percentage of women that are formally employed also work in the informal sector behind the scenes. These women make up the hidden work force.<ref name="autogenerated4"/>

According to a 2021 [[Food and Agriculture Organization|FAO]] study, currently, 85 per cent of economic activity in Africa is conducted in the informal sector where women account for nearly 90 per cent of the informal labour force.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://doi.org/10.4060/cb6966en |title=Seizing the opportunities of the African Continental Free Trade Area for the economic empowerment of women in agriculture |publisher=FAO |year=2021 |isbn=978-92-5-135021-8 |location=Accra|doi=10.4060/cb6966en |s2cid=244712893 }}</ref> According to the [[International Labour Organization|ILO]]'s 2016 employment analysis, 64 per cent of informal employment is in agriculture (relative to industry and services) in sub-Saharan Africa.<ref name=":1">Bonnet, Vanek & Chen, 2019</ref><ref name=":0" /> Women have higher rates of informal employment than men with 92 per cent of women workers in informal employment versus 86 per cent of men.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

Formal and informal labour can be divided into the subcategories of [[agricultural]] work and non-agricultural work. [[Martha Chen]] ''et al.'' believe these four categories of labour are closely related to one another.<ref name="autogenerated2005">Chen, Martha, Joann Vanek, Francie Lund, James Heintz with Renana Jhabvala, and Christine Bonner. 2005. "Employment, Gender, and Poverty," in Progress of the World's Women, pp. 36–57. New York: United Nations Development Fund for Women.</ref> A majority of agricultural work is informal, which the Penguin Atlas for Women in the World defines as unregistered or unstructured.<ref name="autogenerated4" /> Non-agricultural work can also be informal. According to Martha Chen ''et al.'', informal labour makes up 48% of non-agricultural work in North Africa, 51% in Latin America, 65% in Asia, and 72% in Sub-Saharan Africa.<ref name="autogenerated36" />

Agriculture and informal economic activity are among some of the most important sources of livelihood for women.<ref name=":0" /> Women are estimated to account for approximately 70 per cent of informal cross-border traders<ref>UNDP, 2020</ref> and are also prevalent among owners of micro, small, or medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs).<ref name=":0" /> MSMEs are more vulnerable to market shocks and market disruptions. For women-owned MSMEs this is often compounded by their lack of access to credit and financial liquidity compared to larger businesses.<ref name=":0" /> However, MSMEs are often more vulnerable to market shocks and market disruptions.<ref name=":0" /> For women-owned MSMEs, this is often compounded by their lack of access to credit and financial liquidity compared to larger businesses<ref name=":0" />'''.'''