Editing Working memory (section)

== History ==
The term "working memory" was coined by [[George Armitage Miller|Miller]], [[Eugene Galanter|Galanter]], and [[Karl H. Pribram|Pribram]],<ref name="isbn0-03-010075-5">{{cite book | vauthors = Pribram KH, Miller GA, Galanter E |title=Plans and the structure of behavior |publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston |location=New York |year=1960 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/plansstructureo00mill/page/65 65] |isbn=978-0-03-010075-8 |oclc=190675 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/plansstructureo00mill/page/65 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Baddeley A | title = Working memory: looking back and looking forward | journal = Nature Reviews. Neuroscience | volume = 4 | issue = 10 | pages = 829–839 | date = October 2003 | pmid = 14523382 | doi = 10.1038/nrn1201 | s2cid = 3337171 }}</ref> and was used in the 1960s in the context of [[Computational theory of mind|theories that likened the mind to a computer]]. In 1968, [[Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model|Atkinson and Shiffrin]]<ref name="Atkinson Shiffrin 1968">{{cite book |title=Human Memory: A Proposed System and its Control Processes |vauthors=Atkinson RC, Shiffrin RM |publisher=Academic Press |year=1968 |isbn=978-0-12-543302-0 |veditors=Spence KW, Spence JT |series=Psychology of Learning and Motivation |volume=8 |pages=89–195 |doi=10.1016/S0079-7421(08)60422-3 |oclc=185468704 |s2cid=22958289 |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2qq391s9 }}</ref> used the term to describe their "short-term store". The term short-term store was the name previously used for working memory. Other suggested names were [[short-term memory]], primary memory, immediate memory, operant memory, and provisional memory.<ref name="Fuster 1997">{{cite book | vauthors = Fuster JM |title=The prefrontal cortex: anatomy, physiology, and neuropsychology of the frontal lobe |publisher=Lippincott-Raven |location=Philadelphia |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-397-51849-4 |oclc=807338522 }}{{Page needed|date=September 2010}}</ref> Short-term memory is the ability to remember information over a brief period (in the order of seconds). Most theorists today use the concept of working memory to replace or include the older concept of short-term memory, marking a stronger emphasis on the notion of manipulating information rather than mere maintenance.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

The earliest mention of experiments on the neural basis of working memory can be traced back to more than 100 years ago, when [[Eduard Hitzig|Hitzig]] and [[David Ferrier|Ferrier]] described [[ablation]] experiments of the [[prefrontal cortex]] (PFC); they concluded that the frontal cortex was important for cognitive rather than sensory processes.<ref name=Fuster1>{{Cite book| vauthors = Fuster J |title= The prefrontal cortex |page= 126 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zuZlvNICdhUC&pg=PT140 |edition= 4th |year= 2008 |publisher= Elsevier |location= Oxford, UK |isbn= 978-0-12-373644-4}}</ref> In 1935 and 1936, Carlyle Jacobsen and colleagues were the first to show the deleterious effect of prefrontal ablation on delayed response.<ref name=Fuster1 /><ref name=Benton>{{Cite book| vauthors = Benton AL | veditors = Levin HS, Eisenberg HM, Benton AL |title= Frontal lobe function and dysfunction|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=9b1htO0V0rwC&q=Jacobsen%20%20prefrontal%20ablation&pg=PA19|year= 1991|publisher= Oxford University Press|location= New York|isbn= 978-0-19-506284-7|page= 19|chapter= The prefrontal region:Its early history}}</ref>