Editing Xu Zhimo (section)

==Biography==
Xu Zhimo has several names. He is most known as Xú Zhìmó ({{lang|zh|徐志摩}}; [[Wu Chinese|Wu]] IPA: {{ipa|ʑi tsɿ mu}},<ref name="fudan haining">{{cite news|title=语言点浏览: 浙江省海宁市|trans-title=Language Record Browse: Haining City, Zhejiang Province|trans-work=East Asian Languages Data Center of [[Fudan University]]|work=复旦大学东亚语言数据中心|access-date=16 February 2021|last=|first=|url=http://ccdc.fudan.edu.cn/linguae/languageRecord.jsp?id=5F5B5EA1-34D8-401D-B458-BDD188BD9A03}}</ref> Wu pinyin: Zhi Tsymu; Mandarin IPA: {{IPAc-cmn|x|u|2|-|zh|i|4|-|m|o|2}}, [[Wades-Giles]]: Hsü Chih-mo), while he was born Xú Zhāngxù ({{lang|zh|徐章垿}}) with the courtesy name Yǒusēn ({{lang|zh|槱森}}).

Xu was born in [[Haining, Zhejiang]] and graduated from [[Hangzhou High School]], a well-known school in [[Southern China]]. He married [[Zhang Youyi]] in 1915 and attended [[Peiyang University]] in 1916 (now [[Tianjin University]]) to study law. In 1917, he moved to [[Peking University]] (PKU) due to the law department of Peiyang University merging into PKU. In 1918, he traveled to the United States to earn his bachelor's degree at [[Clark University]] in [[Worcester, Massachusetts]], where he took up a major in political and social sciences, along with a minor in history. 

Shortly afterward, he enrolled at [[Columbia University]] in [[New York City|New York]] to pursue a graduate degree in economics and politics in 1919. He left New York in 1920, having found the U.S. "intolerable", to go study in England at [[London School of Economics]]. In 1921, he transferred to [[King's College, Cambridge]] as a special student, where he fell in love with English [[Romanticism|Romantic]] poetry like that of [[Keats]] and [[Percy Bysshe Shelley|Shelley]].<ref>[http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/study/undergraduate/subjects/oriental.html Study at King's: Asian and Middle Eastern Studies]</ref>

He was also influenced by the French romantic and [[Symbolism (movement)|symbolist]] poets, some of whose works he translated into Chinese. In 1922 he returned to China and became a leading figure of the modern poetry movement. In 1923, he founded the [[Crescent Moon Society]], a [[China|Chinese]] [[literary society]] that was part of the larger [[New Culture Movement]], believing in "art for art's sake" and often engaging in running debates with the "art for politics' sake" ([[Chinese Communist Party]]-driven) [[League of the Left-Wing Writers]].<ref name="CAM">{{cite book | last1=Fairbank | first1=John King | last2=Feuerwerker | first2=Albert | last3=Twitchett | first3=Denis Crispin| title= The Cambridge history of China | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge, England | year=1986 | isbn=978-0-521-24338-4}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=Fxs3ROaIhPMC&pg=PA428&lpg=PA428&dq=china+%22league+of+left+wing+writers%22&source=bl&ots=VyDSA5hSvV&sig=u7Oj4mxHoE1NQsl1RMaCG0AhU3k&hl=en&ei=FefWScWXN460NICxhYUP&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3#PPA428,M1|link to excerpt]</ref> 

When the [[Bengali poetry|Bengali poet]] [[Rabindranath Tagore]] visited China, Xu Zhimo served as one of his oral interpreters. Xu used vernacular Chinese and translated Western romantic forms into modern Chinese poetry. He worked as an editor and professor at several schools before his death on 19 November 1931, dying in a plane crash near [[Jinan]] and [[Tai'an|Tai'an, Shandong]]<ref name="eb2011">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/273976/Xu-Zhimo "Xu Zhimo." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 06 Nov. 2011.]</ref> while flying on a [[Stinson Detroiter]] from [[Nanjing]] to [[Beijing]]. He left behind four collections of verse and several volumes of translations from various languages.
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Lu Xiaoman and Xu Zhimo on a punt.png|thumb|Xu Zhimo and his second wife [[Lu Xiaoman]] on a [[Punt (boat)#Punting in Cambridge|punt]]]] -->

===Love affairs===
Xu Zhimo's various love affairs with Zhang Youyi, [[Lin Huiyin]], and [[Lu Xiaoman]] are well known in China. Xu married Zhang Youyi,<ref name="library.thinkquest.org">[https://book.douban.com/subject/3105699/ Reminiscences of Xu Zhimo]</ref> (the sister of the politician [[Zhang Junmai]]) on 10 October 1915. This was an arranged marriage that went against Xu's belief in free and simple love. Although Zhang gave birth to two sons, Xu still couldn't accept her. While in London in 1921, Xu met and fell in love with Lin Huiyin (the daughter of Lin Changmin). He divorced Zhang in March 1922. Inspired by this newly found love, Xu wrote a large number of poems during this time. Lin and Xu became friends. However, she was already betrothed to [[Liang Sicheng]] by his father. Xu's last lover was Lu Xiaoman, who was married to Wang Geng, a friend of Xu. The marriage had been arranged by her parents and she felt trapped in this loveless marriage. When Xu and Lu met, they quickly bonded over the similarity of their respective experiences with arranged marriages. When it came to be known that they were in love, both were scorned by their parents and friends. Lu divorced her husband in 1925 and married Xu the next year.<ref name="library.thinkquest.org"/> Their honeymoon period did not last long however and Lu gradually became more and more depressed.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}} Because of Lu's spending habits{{citation needed|date=May 2017}} and Xu's parents refusing to lend them money, Xu had to take several jobs in different cities to keep up with the lifestyle Lu desired. She was widowed when Xu died in an airplane crash.

Xu was also romantically linked to American author [[Pearl S. Buck]] and American journalist [[Agnes Smedley]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Conn |first=Peter |year=1996 |title=Pearl S. Buck: A Cultural Biography |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-63989-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/pearlsbuck00pete/page/103 103, 397] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/pearlsbuck00pete/page/103 }}</ref>

In an obituary, writer [[Wen Yuan-ning]] commented that Xu's "relations with women are exactly like [[Percy Bysshe Shelley|Shelley]]'s. Let no woman flatter herself that Tse-mo has ever loved her; he has only loved his own inner version of Ideal Beauty."<ref>"The Late Mr. Hsu Tse-mo, A Child," in [[Wen Yuan-ning]], "Imperfect Understanding: Intimate Portraits of Modern Chinese Celebrities," edited by Christopher Rea (Amherst, MA: Cambria Press, 2018), p. 45.</ref>

===Airplane crash===
{{main|1931 Jinan Air Crash}}
On 19 November 1931, Xu prepared to leave [[Nanjing|Nanking]] to attend a lecture given by Lin Huiyin at a university in [[Beijing|Peking]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cctv.cntv.cn/lm/journeysintime/special/liangsicheng_linhuiyin/index.shtml|title=Liang Sicheng and Lin Huiyin, CNTV English， CCTV News}}</ref> He boarded a [[China Airways Federal]] [[Stinson Detroiter]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gregcrouch.com/2010/stinson-detroiter|title = Stinson Detroiter|date = 12 December 2010}}</ref> an aircraft contracted by [[Chunghwa Post]] to deliver airmail on the Nanjing-Beijing route.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnac.org/history01.htm|title=CNAC History}}</ref> However, when the flight arrived in the Jinan area, the flight encountered severe fog, leaving the pilot with no clear view to land. The plane descended into the mountainous area below unnoticed as both the pilots were looking for the course according to the map. When the aircraft was aiming to turn left to go back to the course again, it hit the peak of a mountain and broke off the right wing. The plane spun out of control and crashed into the mountains near [[Jinan]] City and [[Tai'an]] City, in [[Shandong]] province.<ref name="eb2011"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cctv.cntv.cn/lm/journeysintime/20110617/107447.shtml|title=Lin Huiyin & Xu Zhimo}}</ref> Xu Zhimo, who suffered from fatal [[cerebral trauma]] and several cuts on his body, was killed instantly as well as one of the two pilots.<ref>{{Cite web |last=齐鲁晚报 |date= |title=Poet Xu Zhimo killed in air crash |url=https://www.chinanews.com.cn/cul/2011/12-01/3499336.shtml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wenku.baidu.com/link?url=W5CnL9XIXqD0CtRrP7Bnj--tyOua4QyHmhXhlGQ1cIh9-VJN4Y0yvNMM147nXHZM2-b-CfHDSYkVJGcECdXZsKWGatI4KCtMuZViMC2hAVS|title = 徐志摩济南开山坠机始末 – 百度文库}}</ref> The first officer survived the initial impact, but also perished due to the delay in rescue.

The accident was attributed to both pilots' misjudgement of the flight's altitude as well as their failure to recognize the terrain. However, it was rumoured that Xu was murdered,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zhidao.baidu.com/question/312453739.html|title=徐志摩的死是意外吗_百度知道}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_647eb0960102w0fj.html|title = 镶嵌在心底的美丽（2015）34·悄悄的我走了_胖企鹅杨_新浪博客}}</ref> although this was confirmed to be untrue.