Editing Yitzhak Zuckerman (section)

==Biography==
Zuckerman was born on December 13, 1915, in [[Vilnius]], then part of the [[Russian Empire]]. After [[World War I]] Vilnius became part of the recreated [[Second Polish Republic|Polish state]]. As a young man he embraced the concepts of [[Socialism]] and [[Zionism]]. He graduated from a religious elementary school associated with the [[Mizrachi (religious Zionism)|Mizrachi]] Zionist movement, followed by a Hebrew gymnasium in 1933.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Cukierman Icchak {{!}} Wirtualny Sztetl |url=https://sztetl.org.pl/pl/biogramy/2400-cukierman-icchak |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=sztetl.org.pl}}</ref> He applied to study at the [[University of Vilnius]] and [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem|Hebrew University]] in [[Jerusalem]], but never began university studies.<ref name=":0" />

In his youth, he became involved with the Zionist movement, as a member of [[HeHalutz]] and [[HeHalutz Hatzair]].<ref name=":0" /> He lived in a Vilnius [[kibbutz]] on Subocz Street, then on a farm training pioneers in [[Grochów]] near [[Warsaw]].<ref name=":0" /> In 1937, he became a member of the HeHalutz Hatzair Central Committee, and in 1938 he took over as secretary general of the [[Dror-Hehalutz]].<ref name=":0" />

After the [[Invasion of Poland|German and Soviet invasion of Poland]] in 1939 he was in the area overrun by the [[Red Army]] and initially stayed in the Soviet zone of occupation, where he took an active part in the creation of various Jewish underground socialist organisations.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe |url=https://encyclopedia.yivo.org/article/1003 |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=encyclopedia.yivo.org}}</ref> In the spring of 1940 he moved to [[Warsaw]], where he became one of the leaders of the [[Habonim Dror|Dror Hechaluc]] youth movement, along with his future wife [[Zivia Lubetkin]]. Zuckerman was issued a false passport by the [[Ładoś Group]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://instytutpileckiego.pl/public/upload/articles_files/LISTA%20LADOSIA-lista-ang(2).pdf|title=Ładoś List - results of research as of 24 October 2019|date=24 October 2019|website=[[Pilecki Institute]]|page=12|access-date=2020-04-07|archive-date=16 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216092357/https://instytutpileckiego.pl/public/upload/articles_files/LISTA%20LADOSIA-lista-ang(2).pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1941 he became the deputy commander of the [[Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa|ŻOB]] resistance organisation. In this capacity, he served mainly as the envoy between the commander of ŻOB and the commanders of the Polish resistance organizations of [[Armia Krajowa]] and [[Armia Ludowa]].<ref name=":2" /> On 22 December 1942 he and two accomplices attacked a café in [[Kraków]] that was being used by the [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] and [[Gestapo]]. Zuckerman was wounded and narrowly escaped, and his two comrades were tracked down and killed.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=The Terrible Choice |url=https://www.jewishgen.org/Yizkor/terrible_choice/ter006.html |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=www.jewishgen.org}}</ref>

In 1943, he was working on the "[[Ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe#Aryan side|Aryan]]" side of [[Warsaw]] to procure guns and ammunition when the [[Warsaw Ghetto Uprising]] erupted. Unable to enter the ghetto to join his comrades in battle, he nonetheless proved a crucial link between resistance forces within the ghetto and the [[Armia Krajowa|Home Army]] on the "Aryan" side.<ref name=":1" /> Along with [[Simcha Rotem|Simcha "Kazik" Rotem]], he organized the escape of the surviving ZOB fighters through the sewers to safety. <ref name=":2" /> During the later [[Warsaw Uprising]] of 1944, he led a small troop of 322 survivors of the Ghetto Uprising as they fought the Germans in the ranks of the [[Armia Ludowa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=He felt uncomfortable only when he had to shoot. Yitzhak Zuckerman |url=https://www.jhi.pl/en/articles/anniversary-death-yitzhak-zuckerman-june-17,75 |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=Żydowski Instytut Historyczny |language=en}}</ref>

After the war he worked as part of the ''[[Bricha]]'' network, whose operatives smuggled Jewish refugees out of Eastern and Central Europe to [[Mandatory Palestine|Mandate Palestine]]. In 1947 he himself made that journey, settling in what would soon be [[Israel]].<ref name=":2" /> There he and his wife Zivia, along with other veterans of the ghetto undergrounds and former [[Jewish partisans|partisan]]s, were among the founding members of [[Kibbutz]] Lohamei HaGeta'ot and the [[Ghetto Fighters' House]] (GFH) museum located on its grounds, commemorating those who struggled against the Nazis.<ref name=":1" /> GFH has a study center named for Zivia and Yitzhak Zuckerman. Zuckerman and Lubetkin settled in Lohamei HaGeta'ot and had two children, Shimon (b. 1947) and Yael (b. 1949).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-01 |title=Yitzhak Zuckerman {{!}} Polish WWII Hero & Resistance Fighter {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yitzhak-Zuckerman |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

In 1961 he appeared as a witness at the trial of Nazi [[war crime|war criminal]] [[Adolf Eichmann]] in Israel. He died in 1981, in the kibbutz he had founded.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zuckerman, Yitzhak (Antek) (PDF) |url=https://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%206398.pdf |website=Yad Vashem}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

A record of a lengthy interview he gave in 1976 was expanded into the book ''Sheva ha-Shanim ha-Hen: 1939-1946'' [Hebrew: Those Seven Years] published in Israel in 1991, later translated into English and published as ''A Surplus of Memory: Chronicle of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising''.<ref name=":1" />

His granddaughter [[Roni Zuckerman]] became the [[Israeli Air Force]]'s first female fighter pilot.<ref name=":2" />

In 2001, the tale of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising was turned into a made-for-TV film entitled ''[[Uprising (2001 film)|Uprising]]'', with actor [[David Schwimmer]] portraying Zuckerman.