Editing Yosemite Sam (section)

== History ==
{{further|List of Yosemite Sam cartoons}}
[[Animator]] [[Friz Freleng]] introduced the villain character in the 1945 cartoon ''[[Hare Trigger]]''. With his grumpy demeanor, fiery temper, strident voice, and short stature (in two early gags in ''Hare Trigger'', a train he is attempting to rob passes right over top of him and he has to use a set of portable stairs to get on his horse; in ''[[Bugs Bunny Rides Again]]'', he rides a miniature horse), along with his fiery red hair, Sam was in some ways a caricature of Freleng. While he often denied any intentional resemblance, in the ''[[Looney Tunes Golden Collection]]'', surviving members of his production crew assert, and the director's daughter acknowledges, that Sam definitely was inspired by Freleng. Freleng himself even said in an interview with the [[Associated Press]] that "I have the same temperament, I'm small, and I used to have a red mustache."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Cartoonist Friz Freleng dead at 89 |url=https://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=https%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252024%2FOswego%2520NY%2520Palladium%2FOswego%2520NY%2520Palladium%2520May-June%25201995%2FOswego%2520NY%2520Palladium%2520May-June%25201995%2520-%25200552.pdf |date=1995-05-27 |access-date=2022-06-26 |work=The Palladium-Times |agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref>  Other influences were the [[Red Skelton]] character Sheriff Deadeye and the [[Tex Avery]] cartoon ''[[Dangerous Dan McFoo]]''. When he does a "slow burn" and cries "Oooooh!" he borrows a bit from such comedic character actors as [[Jimmy Finlayson]] (a frequent foil to [[Laurel and Hardy]]) and [[Frank Nelson (actor)|Frank Nelson]] (one of Mel Blanc's costars on ''[[The Jack Benny Program]]''). Freleng also cited the Terrible-Tempered Mr. Bang, a character in the ''[[Toonerville Trolley]]'' comic strip, as an influence. In his memoir ''[[Chuck Amuck: The Life and Times of an Animated Cartoonist]]'', Chuck Jones says that a great-uncle who occasionally visited his family was a retired [[Texas Ranger Division|Texas Ranger]] who was short, had [[red hair]], a large mustache, and a hair-trigger temper (but no beard, unlike Sam). [[Michael Maltese]] originally considered calling the character Texas Tiny, Wyoming Willie, or Denver Dan, but then settled on the final name.
[[File:20th Intelligence Squadron.png|thumb|right|Yosemite Sam as mascot of the [[20th Intelligence Squadron]]]]

Other characters with Sam-like features appear in several ''Looney Tunes'' shorts. The Bugs Bunny entry ''[[Super-Rabbit]]'' (1943) features the cowboy character "Cottontail Smith", whose voice is similar to Sam's. ''[[Stage Door Cartoon]]'' (1944), however, features a southern sheriff character that looks and sounds similar to Sam, except for a more defined Southern stereotype to his voice. In a [[Daffy Duck]] cartoon called ''[[Along Came Daffy]]'' (1947), Daffy has to contend with ''two'' Yosemite Sams, one with Sam's red hair and one with black hair. Finally, ''Pancho's Hideaway'' (1964) features a Mexican villain who is designed much like Sam but has a different accent. In addition, in the 1949 [[Chuck Jones]]-directed cartoon ''[[Mississippi Hare]]'', Bugs Bunny battles with an old, pistol-toting gambler called [[Colonel Shuffle]], one whose role could have easily been portrayed by Sam.{{refn|group=note|The Colonel reappears in "Dog Gone South", this time pitted against [[Charlie Dog]], and accompanied by a bulldog named Belvedere, who resembles [[Hector the Bulldog]].<ref name="Barrier">{{cite book|title=Hollywood Cartoons: American Animation in Its Golden Age|last=Barrier|first=Michael|date=6 November 2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=United States|isbn=978-0-19-516729-0|page=672}}</ref>}}

Freleng created Yosemite Sam to be a more formidable adversary for Bugs Bunny. Until then, Bugs' major foe had been [[Elmer Fudd]], a man so mild-mannered and good-natured that Freleng thought Bugs actually came off as a bully by duping him. Sam, on the other hand, was extremely violent and belligerent, not at all a pushover like Fudd. Freleng compacted into a tiny body and 11-gallon hat the largest voice and the largest ego "north, south, east, aaaaand west of the [[Pecos River|Pecos]]".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Adamson |first1=Joe |title=Bugs Bunny: Fifty Years and Only One Grey Hare |date=1990 |publisher=Henry Holt |access-date=5 November 2003 |isbn=978-1855100466 |url=https://archive.org/details/bugsbunnyfiftyye0000adam/page/108/mode/2up |page=108}}</ref>

For over 19 years, except for one cartoon (''[[Hare-Abian Nights]]'' in 1959) Freleng's unit had exclusive usage of Sam at the Warner studio. Though officially a [[Bugs Bunny Rides Again|cowboy]], Freleng put Sam in a different costume in almost every film: a [[Knighty Knight Bugs|knight]], a [[Roman Legion-Hare|Roman]] [[legionary]], a [[Buccaneer Bunny|pirate]], a royal [[Shishkabugs|cook]], a [[Big House Bunny|prison]] guard, a [[From Hare to Heir|duke]] (Duke of Yosemite, no less), a [[Bunker Hill Bunny|Hessian]] mercenary, a [[Southern Fried Rabbit|Confederate]] soldier, a [[Piker's Peak|mountain climber]] (climbing the 'Shmadderhorn' mountain in Switzerland), a [[Honey's Money|hen-pecked house husband]] and even a [[Lighter Than Hare|space alien]]. The humor of the cartoons inevitably springs from the odd miscasting of the hot-tempered cowboy. However, some countries seem to prefer his pirate incarnation, as "Sam the Pirate" is his official name in [[France]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://telemaniac.free.fr/sam.htm |title=Sam le pirate |publisher=Telemaniac.free.fr |access-date=2013-12-29}}</ref> and a frequent alternative name in [[Italy]].

While Sam's basic character is that of a cowboy, he usually wears a black [[Domino mask]] (or just a wide black outline on the outer sides of his eyes) to show that he is an outlaw. This is so associated with his persona that he wears the mask even when dressed as a duke, a riff, a pirate, or a Viking.

Sam is significantly tougher and more aggressive than Elmer Fudd when challenging Bugs Bunny. He is also quicker to learn from his mistakes and rarely falls for the same ploy twice. But despite Sam's bluster, he does not prove much brighter than Elmer in his encounters with Bugs. His noise contrasts to the calmly cocky rabbit. Sam's own cockiness always gets the best of him; Bugs can see he is incapable of turning down a challenge. Every time Bugs dares Sam to "step across that line", he cannot help but do so, even if he steps off into empty space or down a mine shaft.

Yosemite Sam was depicted without [[Revolver|six-gun pistols]] in ''[[Looney Tunes Cartoons]]'' on the streaming service, [[HBO Max]]. The series' [[executive producer]] and [[showrunner]], [[Peter Browngardt]], said the character could still continue to use [[cartoon violence]], such as [[dynamite]] and [[Acme Corporation|Acme]]-related paraphernalia.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ito |first=Peter |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/29/arts/television/looney-tunes-hbo-max.html |title=Bugs Bunny Is Back, and So Is the 'Looney Tunes' Mayhem |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2020-05-29 |access-date=2020-06-08 }}</ref>
However, this change appears to have been reversed, as he is once again depicted using his pistols in ''[[Space Jam: A New Legacy]]'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hein |first=Michael |date=April 3, 2021 |title='Looney Tunes' Gun-Ban Doesn't Apply to 'Space Jam 2' |url=https://popculture.com/movies/news/looney-tunes-gun-ban-doesnt-apply-to-space-jam-2/ |url-status=live |access-date=June 30, 2021 |website=PopCulture.com |archive-date=April 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210403214715/https://popculture.com/movies/news/looney-tunes-gun-ban-doesnt-apply-to-space-jam-2/ }}</ref>

=== Personality ===
Sam is one of Bugs' toughest antagonists, proudly calling himself the meanest, toughest hombre in the West. Sam is a character more aggressive than Bugs' other regular antagonist, [[Elmer Fudd]], given that Sam has a tougher accent; a higher, fiercer voice; and a more violent spirit, although he is portrayed as a bumbling fool in most of his appearances. Sam has had several occupations in his life that Bugs has gotten in the way of. Among his occupations are:

* '''[[Confederate Army]] soldier''': In ''[[Southern Fried Rabbit]]'', Sam is a Confederate soldier who attempts to prevent Bugs from crossing the [[Mason–Dixon line]], although the cartoon takes place long after the [[American Civil War]]. Bugs tells Sam the war ended almost 90 years ago, but Sam insists, "I'm no clock-watcher!" and refuses to leave his post unless he receives orders from [[Robert E. Lee]]. This gag may have been inspired by the actual discovery of Japanese soldiers [[Japanese holdout|still manning their posts]], long after [[World War II]] had ended.
* '''[[Prison officer|Prison guard]]''': In ''[[Big House Bunny]]'', Sam (known here as Sam Schulz) arrests and imprisons Bugs for a false accusation (escaping prison) and gives him 99 years in jail. However, he gets infuriated and lets Bugs out of prison after Bugs annoys him including briefly getting Sam beaten up and locked up in jail himself. However, when letting Bugs out, he is jailed by the [[Prison warden|Warden]] (who gets infuriated with the antics that cause Bugs to get Sam in trouble with him) for Bugs' doings and for letting a prisoner (Bugs) escape. Sam then vows to get even with the stool pigeon who squealed on him. It then cuts to Bugs on a stool making the sounds of a pigeon.
* '''[[Piracy|Pirate]]''': In ''[[Buccaneer Bunny]]'', Sam is known as "Sea-Goin' Sam", who is trying to bury his treasure, only for Bugs to foil his attempt. In ''[[Captain Hareblower]]'', Sam is a pirate captain who is able to intimidate and scare sailors and other pirates. Sam encounters a trading ship led by Bugs and decides to take it for himself. With all of Bugs' fellow sailors too cowardly to face Sam or have drowned in the ocean, Bugs challenges Sam to a fight. Sam and Bugs battle each other's ships with Bugs on the verge of winning. The battle ends up with Sam being forced to abandon ship to escape an inevitable explosion on his own pirate ship. Sam then unknowingly triumphs over Bugs by lighting Bugs' "powder room" (filled with make-up, not gunpowder) into exploding and escaping by himself, but not before giving a warning for Bugs to get the match (an order Bugs does not follow, believing that ''"[[Talcum]] powder doesn't explode."''). And in ''[[From Hare to Eternity]]'', Sam, a.k.a. "Buccaneer Sam", tries to find treasure, only to find Bugs protecting it.
* '''Riff-Raffer/[[Cowboy]]''': In ''[[Sahara Hare]]'', Sam is a proud intimidating North African version of a cowboy: a Riff-Raffer who owns the [[Sahara Desert]]. When Bugs ends up in the desert when trying to find [[Miami Beach]], he sees the rabbit trespassing and chases him into a deserted castle. Sam sees Bugs using the castle for protection and tries several unsuccessful attempts at breaking into the castle, eventually ending with Bugs escaping after causing a booby trap that Sam falls for: an armed bomb-coated door that will explode if Sam opens the door to the castle.
* '''[[Praetorian Guard|Guard Captain]]''': In ''[[Roman Legion-Hare]]'', Sam is the captain of the [[Roman Imperial Guard]], and he is ordered by Grand Emperor [[Nero]] to find a victim for the [[lion]]s at once, or else he will be their prey. He then heads out to look for a victim with a small band of [[imperial guard]]s when Bugs shows up. When asked if it was a convention of the [[Roman legion|legion]], Sam replies he's looking for victims to feed the lions and is shocked to learn that no other victims{{snd}}save Bugs{{snd}}are present. He then chases the crafty cottontail into the [[Colosseum]], where the lions await. Try as he might to keep the big cats quiet, they always tear his golden armor to shreds or ruffle the fuzz on his helmet. And when he does present Bugs to Nero, the lions surge directly toward them, leaving Bugs unscathed.
* '''[[Viking]]''': In ''[[Prince Violent]]'', Sam is a Viking grunt who attempts to raid the archduchy castle, which happens to be under Bugs's protection. Bugs teasingly tells him that it's too early for [[Halloween]] and then kicks Sam out of the castle. He even hires an [[Asian elephant]] to first ram what Sam thinks to be a door, but it is really a painting imitating a door, so the elephant is reduced to the shape of an [[accordion]] - before smashing his master into the same shape. Next, the elephant tries to demolish the castle walls with large boulders, but Bugs still remains persistent in defending the castle by sprinkling pepper over the elephant's trunk, which causes the pachyderm to sneeze and launch a bolder into Sam. Next, Bugs signals for the bridge to lower, at which point, the elephant charges onto it with Sam riding, but the elephant's weight proves to be too much for the bridge. Next, he suggests attacking the castle from the rear, but Bugs (defensive as always) cleverly places a champagne cork in the elephant's trunk, causing him to swim back to land in his struggle to breathe, leaving Sam in the water. This drives Sam to permanently evict the elephant, chasing him away: "'''''AND DON'T COME BACK!!!!!''''' I'll handle that Prince Varmint myself!". His attempts to raid the castle are cut short when the same elephant joins Bugs in kicking him out of the kingdom for good.
* '''[[Native Americans in the United States|Indian]] [[Tribal chief|Chief]]''': In ''[[Horse Hare]]'', Sam is the chief of an Indian tribe during the Indian-American wars in 1886. One day, Sam sees a USA fort and decides to steal it for his tribe. He sees that Sergeant Bugs Bunny is guarding the fort and challenges him to war. Chief Sam has his men attack through various means such as launching himself into the fort, firing guns, etcetera, but Sam is put on probation when he is accused of firing at one of his soldiers (it was actually Bugs). Eventually, the USA cavalry returns, and it helps Bugs defeat Sam and his army of Indians.
* '''[[Hessian (soldier)|Hessian]] soldier''' in the [[American Revolutionary War]]: In ''[[Bunker Hill Bunny]]'', Sam is Sam von Schamm, a [[Germans in the American Revolution|German]] soldier defending a fort who attacks Bugs's fort.  After being defeated, he concedes "I'm a Hessian without no aggression."
* '''German pilot''': In ''[[Dumb Patrol]]'', Sam is Baron Sam Von Schpamm, a [[World War I]] [[Luftstreitkräfte|German Air Force]] pilot who tries to shoot down Bugs, but who fails and ends up as a Hell's Angel.
* '''Duke''': In ''[[From Hare to Heir]]'', Sam is the Duke of Yosemite. Bugs arrives at Sam's door with the promise to give him a million pounds if Sam keeps his temper. Bugs makes requests, annoys Sam at night, and stays in the bathroom in the morning, prompting Sam to lose his temper and shout unintelligible gibberish, cutting pounds off the offer in the process. When Sam comes up to Bugs saying that he does not get mad anymore, and has his assistants kick him in the rear end, throw a pie in his face and hit him on the head with a rolling pin to prove this, Bugs says "I haven't got the heart to tell him he's used up all the money."
* '''Legendary [[Mountaineering|Mountain climber]]''': A legendary mountain climber in ''[[Piker's Peak]]'', Sam hears of a contest where whoever hikes up and reaches the deadly highest mountain in the world, will receive money equaled to trillions of dollars in today's money; 50,000 Cronkites (named after television host [[Walter Cronkite]]). ("Cronkite" is also a jest on "Klondike", the location of a great Gold Rush.) Sam takes up the contest, and he decides to climb up the mountain which is based on [[Pike's Peak]]. However, when he reaches the basecamp at thousands of feet, he encounters Bugs, who also hears about the contest. With both of them wanting the prize, Sam then must race and defeat Bugs along the way up to Piker's Peak to get the money.
* '''[[Cowboy]]''': In ''[[Wild and Woolly Hare]]'', Sam is a legendary cowboy gangster who dominates much of the wild west through intimidation. One day, he comes to take over a cafe in an Old Western town and is insulted by Bugs. Angered by the insult, Sam challenges Bugs to a fight to the death. With Bugs on the verge of winning through trickery and deception, Sam decides to try one last time to intimidate the town; to rob a train. But Bugs hijacks the train to save it. Sam tries to follow it by horse and orders Bugs to get off by the time he counts to a specific number. However, just before he reaches his final number, he always runs into some form of large obstacle, like a telephone pole or a tunnel wall and then falls off a bridge. A frustrated Sam tries to get on another train and force Bugs to surrender by preparing to ram head-on into Bugs' train. However, Bugs foils him by switching the railroad tracks causing Sam's train engine to crash hundreds of feet into a gorge's river.
* '''[[Extraterrestrial life|Alien]]''': In ''[[Lighter Than Hare]]'', Sam of Outer Space is an alien from a foreign planet. Inside a [[flying saucer]] spaceship, Sam reveals his mission to find an earth creature to take back to his planet for uses such as slaves, producing on their planet Etcetera. Sam detects Bugs and sends his army of robots to attack Bugs' hideout. After a long struggle, Sam's robots are blown to pieces. Finally, an exasperated Sam uses an incinerating laser cannon to threaten Bugs into surrendering and boarding his space ship. Sam then flies out of earth to his planet, unaware that he has actually captured a decoy of Bugs filled with bombs. When Sam presents the dummy to his leader, the bombs explode.
* '''[[Sailor]]''': In ''[[Rabbitson Crusoe]]'', Sam is a sailor whose boat is irreparably damaged, and lives as a [[castaway]]. ("A low tide and a high rock caused my predicament.") Sam jumps across rocks to a deserted island and spends many years there being targeted as a meal by a [[shark]] named [[Moby Dick|Dopey Dick]]. After some time, Sam grows tired of eating coconuts and finds Bugs. He decides to cook up Bugs for dinner. After a long battle, eventually, the island is reclaimed by the seas and Sam ends up being chased by Dopey Dick. Sam is then forced to make a deal with Bugs where Bugs will not let Dopey Dick eat Sam and take Sam in his boat (the cooking pot) back to civilization ... but only if Sam is the one that does all the work in paddling 2,736 miles to [[San Francisco]], California.
* '''[[Chef]]''': In ''[[Shishkabugs]]'', Sam has one of his rare performances where his goal is not for evil purposes and where he is not the aggressor. In this episode, Sam is a very kind, generous chef for a very rude, spoiled [[Monarch|king]] who has Sam enslaved through blackmail. One day, Sam makes the king a usual buffet only for the King to rudely kick it away and demand something new.  "Every day, it's the same thing: ''variety''!" he complains.  "I want something different!" That something new is Hasenpfeffer whose base is cooked [[rabbit]]. Sam captures Bugs and puts Bugs in the meal, but Bugs outsmarts Sam twice and the King blames it all on Sam. Eventually, the King loses his patience and has guards arrest Sam and installs Bugs as his new chef. The King claims to have set up Sam's death. But since Sam is seen alive in more episodes, it is presumed that either he was found not guilty by the kingdom court, the citizens demanded Sam's release, or Sam escaped.
* '''[[Knight]]''': In ''[[Knighty Knight Bugs]]'', Sam is the [[Black knight|Black Knight]] and has stolen the Singing Sword. [[King Arthur]] hires [[court jester]] Bugs to retrieve the sword. After retrieving it, Bugs escapes Sam and manages to lock Sam out of his castle. Sam attempts to break back in, but each attempt backfires. Eventually, Bugs leads Sam and his fire-breathing [[dragon]] into the [[dynamite]] storage facility. The dragon sneezes, blowing the two of them to the [[moon]].
* '''Trolley conductor''': In ''[[Tweety's High-Flying Adventure]]'', Sam drives a trolley in [[San Francisco]]. The trolley is hijacked by Sylvester, who is hoping to use it to chase Tweety. Instead, he breaks the throttle which is used as a brake, rendering the trolley out of control. It speeds all over San Francisco, ending up on [[Alcatraz]]. During this, Sam attests to Sylvester's idiocy, eventually chasing Sylvester all over Alcatraz with his hat. He also chases Sylvester on a train to Las Vegas, only to be locked on another train heading out of the city.