Editing Yugoslav Committee (section)

==Background==
[[File:Austria-Hungary map new.svg|300px|thumb|right|Kingdoms and countries of Austria–Hungary:<br />'''[[Cisleithania]] ([[Austrian Empire|Empire of Austria]]{{sfn|Headlam|1911|pp=2–39}})''': 1. [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemia]], 2. [[Duchy of Bukovina|Bukovina]], 3. [[Duchy of Carinthia|Carinthia]], 4. [[Duchy of Carniola|Carniola]], 5. [[Kingdom of Dalmatia|Dalmatia]], 6. [[Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria|Galicia]], 7. [[Austrian Littoral|Küstenland]], 8. [[Lower Austria]], 9. [[Margraviate of Moravia|Moravia]], 10. [[Duchy of Salzburg|Salzburg]], 11. [[Austrian Silesia|Silesia]], 12. [[Duchy of Styria|Styria]], 13. [[County of Tyrol|Tyrol]], 14. [[Upper Austria]], 15. [[Vorarlberg]];<br /> '''[[Transleithania]] ([[Kingdom of Hungary]]{{sfn|Headlam|1911|pp=2–39}}))''': 16. [[Administrative divisions of the Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary proper]] 17. [[Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia|Croatia-Slavonia]]; 18. [[Bosnia and Herzegovina (Austro-Hungarian condominium)]]]]

The idea of [[South Slavs|South Slavic]] political unity predates the [[creation of Yugoslavia]] by nearly a century. The concept was first developed in [[Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)|Habsburg Croatia]] by a group of Croat intellectuals who formed the [[Illyrian movement]] in the 19th century. It evolved through many forms and proposals.{{sfn|Rusinow|2003|p=12}} The Illyrian intellectuals argued that [[History of Croatia|Croatian history]] is a part of a wider history of the South Slavs, and that Croats, [[Serbs]], and potentially [[Slovenes]] and [[Bulgarians]] were parts of a single "Illyrian" nation, choosing the name as a neutral term. The movement began as a cultural one, promoting Croatian national identity and integration of all Croatian provinces within the Austrian Empire,{{sfn|Cipek|2003|p=72}} usually in reference to the [[House of Habsburg-Lorraine|Habsburg]] kingdoms of Croatia, [[Kingdom of Slavonia|Slavonia]], and [[Kingdom of Dalmatia|Dalmatia]], and a part or all of [[Ottoman Bosnia and Herzegovina]].{{sfn|Glenny|2012|p=57}} A wider aim was to gather all South Slavs or ''Jugo-Slaveni''{{efn|Coined by [[Compound (linguistics)|compounding]] [[Croatian language|Croatian]] nouns ''{{wikt-lang|sh|jug}}'' and ''{{wikt-lang|sh|Slaven|Slaveni}}'', meaning "South" and "Slavs", respectively.{{sfn|Cipek|2003|p=72}}}} for short, in a commonwealth within or outside the Empire. The movement's two directions became known as [[Croatianism]] and [[Yugoslavism]]{{efn|Some sources also refer to it as the Yugoslav nationalism,{{sfn|Glenny|2012|p=536}} or Yugoslavdom.{{sfn|Wachtel|1998|p=242}}}} respectively, meant to counter [[Germanisation#Modern Germanisation|Germanisation]] and [[Magyarization#Magyarization during Dualism|Magyarisation]].{{sfn|Cipek|2003|p=72}}

Fearing the {{lang|de|[[Drang nach Osten]]}} (drive to the east), the Illyrians believed Germanisation and Magyarisation could only be resisted through unity with other Slavs, especially the Serbs. They advocated for the unification of Croatia, Slavonia, and Dalmatia as the [[Triune Kingdom]]. The concept was expanded to encompass other South Slavs in Austria or Austria-Hungary after the [[Compromise of 1867]], before aspiring to join other South Slavic polities in a [[federation]] or [[confederation]].{{sfn|Cipek|2003|pp=72–73}} The proposed consolidation of variously defined Croatian or South Slavic lands led to proposals for [[trialism in Austria-Hungary]], accommodating a South-Slavic polity with a rank equal to the [[Kingdom of Hungary (1867-1918)|Kingdom of Hungary]].{{sfn|Rusinow|2003|p=23}} 

After the neighbouring [[Kingdom of Serbia]] achieved independence through the [[Treaty of Berlin (1878)|1878 Treaty of Berlin]], the Yugoslav idea became irrelevant in that country. Before the [[First Balkan War]] in 1912, Serbia was [[Monoethnicity|mono-ethnic]] and [[Serbian nationalism|Serbian nationalists]] sought to include those they considered to be Serbs into the state. It portrayed the work of bishops [[Josip Juraj Strossmayer]] and [[Franjo Rački]] as a scheme to establish a [[Greater Croatia]].{{sfn|Rusinow|2003|pp=16–17}} A group of [[Royal Serbian Army]] officers known as the [[Black Hand (Serbia)|Black Hand]] exerted pressure to expand Serbia; they carried out a [[May Coup (Serbia)|May 1903 coup]] that brought the [[Karađorđević dynasty]] to power and then organised nationalist actions in the "unredeemed Serbian provinces", specified as Bosnia, Herzegovina, [[Principality of Montenegro|Montenegro]], an [[Old Serbia]]&nbsp;– meaning [[Kosovo Vilayet|Kosovo]]&nbsp;– Macedonia, [[Central Croatia]], [[Slavonia]], [[Syrmia]], [[Vojvodina]], and [[Dalmatia]].{{sfn|Pavlowitch|2003b|p=59}} This echoed Garašanin's 1844 ''[[Načertanije]]'', a treatise that anticipated the [[dissolution of the Ottoman Empire]], and which called for the establishment of Greater Serbia to pre-empt Russian or Austrian expansion into the Balkans by unifying all Serbs into a single state.{{sfn|Ramet|2006|p=37}}

In the first two decades of the 20th century, Croat, Serb, and Slovene national programmes adopted Yugoslavism in different, conflicting, or mutually exclusive forms. Yugoslavism became a pivotal idea for the establishment of a South Slavic political union. Most Serbs equated the idea with Greater Serbia or a vehicle to bring all Serbs into a single state. For many Croats and Slovenes, Yugoslavism protected them against Austrian and Hungarian challenges to the preservation of their own national identities and political autonomy.{{sfn|Rusinow|2003|pp=25–26}}