Editing Zikhron Ya'akov (section)

==History==
[[File:1890s winemaking barrel shop in Zikhron Yaakov.jpg|thumb|Building wine barrels, 1890s]]
Zikhron Ya'akov was founded in December 1882 when 100 [[Jewish]] pioneers from [[Romania]], members of the [[Hovevei Zion|Hibbat Zion]] movement, purchased two plots of land 5&nbsp;km apart: 6000 [[dunam]] in Zammarin and 500 dunam in [[Tantura]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Marom|first=Roy|title=The Abu Hameds of Mulabbis: An Oral History of a Palestinian Village Depopulated in the Late Ottoman Period|url=https://www.academia.edu/49228200|journal=British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies|language=en|pages=2}}</ref> The land was acquired for 46000 francs from Frances Germain, a French citizen, probably of [[Arab Christians|Christian Arab]] origin.<ref name="gems">{{cite web |url=http://www.gemsinisrael.com/e_article000004384.htm |title=Gems in Israel-Zichron Ya'acov |access-date=2008-01-26 |work=Gems in Israel |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827184052/http://www.gemsinisrael.com/e_article000004384.htm |archive-date=2008-08-27 }}</ref> Deeming the name of the place to derive from "[[Samaria]]", for a number of years the place was called ''Shomron'' in the Hebrew and Yiddish press.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VxALAQAAIAAJ&q=shomron|title = Israel Government Year Book|last1 = Merkaz Ha-Hasbarah|first1 = Israel|year = 1963}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|isbn=1870015193|year=1988|title=Jewish History: Essays in Honour of Chimen Abramsky|publisher=Peter Halban|location=London|chapter=The Establishment of the Jewish Settlement in Eretz Israel and the Gaster Papers|author1=Ran Aaronsohn|author2=Yehoshua Ben Arieh|pages=585–592}}</ref> The families came from [[Moinești]] in [[Moldavia]] and a central merit in organising the move belongs to [[Moses Gaster]], scholar and early Zionist.{{wbr}} 
<ref name="Gaster">
{{ cite web
|url=http://ebooks.unibuc.ro/filologie/hebra/2-4.htm
|title=Măriuca Stanciu - ''A promotor of the Haskala in Romania – Moses Gaster''
|work=Studia Hebraica I, University of Bucharest, 2003
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110111953/http://ebooks.unibuc.ro/filologie/hebra/2-4.htm
|archive-date=2018-01-10 }}
</ref>
The difficulty of working the rocky soil and an outbreak of malaria led many of the people to leave before the year was up.<ref name="gems" />

In 1883, [[Edmond James de Rothschild|Baron Edmond James de Rothschild]] became the patron of the Moshava and drew up plans for its residential layout and agricultural economy. Zikhron was one of the first Jewish agricultural towns to come under the wing of the Baron (along with [[Rishon LeZion]] and [[Rosh Pinna]]), who renamed it in memory of his father, [[James Mayer Rothschild|James (Ya'akov) Mayer de Rothschild]].<ref name="love" /><ref name="gems" />

To accomplish his first objective, Baron de Rothschild brought in planners who designed and allotted housing lots along the main road for the use of Moshava farmers. Each lot included a house facing the street, a long interior courtyard and a rear building for storing agricultural implements. The French-inspired architecture included tiled roofs and painted wooden windows. Each farmer was given a salary and placed under the direction of Elijah Shaid, the Baron's clerk. The Baron also commissioned the construction of the [[Ohel Ya'akov Synagogue]], named after his father, to serve the town.<ref>[http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/11586/zichron-ya-akov-offers-breathtaking-views-history-lesson/Zichron Ya'akov offers breathtaking views, history lesson]</ref> Sparing no expense to build the edifice, the synagogue features a majestic [[Ark (synagogue)|ark]] made of white [[marble]]. The synagogue opened in 1886 and has conducted daily prayer services continuously to this day.<ref>[https://www.timeout.com/israel/attractions/ohel-yaakov-synagogue Ohel Yaakov Synagogue]</ref>

Following a number of economic failures, in 1885 Rothschild helped to establish the first winery in Israel, [[Carmel Winery]], together with a bottling factory, in Zikhron Ya'akov. This was more successful economically although it was initially short-lived as in 1892 the grapevines succumbed to [[phylloxera]], a type of parasite. After a brief set-back, American seedlings which were resistant to phylloxera were grown and the winery began to flourish. Today, the winery remains in action, as do the huge wine cellars that were carved into the mountain over a century ago.

[[File:כנוס המורים בזכרון יעקב שבו השתתפה ברכה קוצרסקי נימן.JPG|thumb|right|Teachers at the First [[Eretz Yisrael]]i Congress, 1903]]
In 1894, Jewish and Arab workers earned a wage of six piastres working in the plantations, but Jewish workers also received a supplement of four piastres from a charity fund.<ref name=shafir>Gershon Shafir, Land, Labor and the Origins of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict 1882-1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press</ref> When Rothschild withdrew his financial support from plantations in Palestine in 1900, the subsidy was discontinued. Jewish workers were quickly replaced by Arab ones, used to being paid the lower wage.<ref name=shafir />

In August 1903, the First [[Eretz Yisrael]]i Congress was assembled by [[Menachem Ussishkin]] in Zikhron Ya'akov. Complementing the [[World Zionist Congress]], it was originally intended as an annual gathering of the leaders of the [[Yishuv]]; but it didn't get traction, so the First Congress was also the last one. The effort to coordinate the development of the Yishuv did however bear fruit in establishing the [[trade union]] of teachers, which joined [[Histadrut]] in 1950 and stays active to this day.

[[File:Zoltan Kluger. Sichron Jacob.jpg|thumb|Zikhron Ya'akov in 1937]]
Between 1907 and 1919, [[Hillel Yaffe]]'s hospital, the only Jewish hospital north of [[Jaffa]], was located in Zichron Ya'akov; according to Hillel Yaffe's wishes, he was buried in Zikhron Ya'akov in 1936. 

In 1910 [[David Ben-Gurion]] worked as a farm labourer in Zichron Ya'akov for several months. At that time he found several Arab families living in the yards of almost every farmer.<ref>[[Tom Segev|Segev, Tom]] (2018 - 2019 translation [[Haim Watzman]]) ''A State at Any Cost. The Life of David Ben-Gurion.'' Apollo. {{ISBN|9-781789-544633}}. p.78</ref>

In 1954, the remains of Baron Edmond de Rothschild were reinterred in Zikhron Ya'akov.<ref>[https://family.rothschildarchive.org/people/50-edmond-james-de-rothschild-1845-1934 Edmond James de Rothschild (1845–1934)]</ref>